Alexander Hamilton ~ Founding Father, Anonymous Author, Doomed Duelist

Note ~ The Florida Artists, Architects, and Authors Series will continue next month.

A FOUNDING FATHER

 

Though Alexander Hamilton is considered a Founding Father, he is one of four in that historic group who didn’t sign America’s Declaration of Independence from the British on July 4, 1776.

The other three are George Washington, James Madison, and John Jay. 

 

General Washington was too busy actually fighting for that independence. However, he read the newly-signed document to the Continental Army on July 9th. Alexander Hamilton was only 19 years old at the time.

Or maybe he was twenty-one. His birthday is January 11th, but historians disagree on whether he was born in 1755 or 1757.

Here are a few details historians accept as fact:

• Hamilton was born out-of-wedlock in the West Indies and orphaned in 1768. His father had abandoned the family before then.
• From 1777 to 1781, he served as George Washington's trusted aide-de-camp.
• He was an artillery officer in the American Revolutionary War and fought in the Siege of Yorktown (1781).
• After the war, he was a lawyer and founded the Bank of New York.
• As a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention, he was involved in the drafting of the U.S. Constitution.
• As the first Secretary of the Treasury, he served in President Washington's first cabinet.

 

AN ANONYMOUS AUTHOR

 

Along with all his many historical political achievements, Hamilton also bequeathed a tremendous literary legacy…many written under a pen name.

 

Let’s take a look at a few of his better-known works.

 

The Revolutionary Versus the Loyalist

 

In 1774, Loyalist Samuel Seabury, a Church of England clergyman, published pamphlets intended to scare the American colonists from rebelling against the king. He wrote under the pseudonym of A. W. Farmer, an abbreviation for A Westchester Farmer.

 

In response, Hamilton anonymously published A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress. Seabury published another pamphlet in response to Hamilton and then Hamilton responded with The Farmer Refuted.

 

Pen Name ~ Publius

In 1778, Hamilton signed three accusatory letters with the pseudonym Publius. The name came from a book titled Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans. The original Publius Valerius, better known as Publicola or “friend of the people,” helped to found the ancient republic of Rome. 

The three letters accused Samuel Chase—who is a signer of the Declaration of Independence and, in 1787, represented Maryland in the Continental Congress—of using insider knowledge to benefit from the flour market.

The Reynolds Pamphlet

To defend his own integrity, Hamilton wrote a ninety-five-page pamphlet confessing to an affair he’d had during his tenure as Secretary of the Treasury. 

 

While not excusing Hamilton’s behavior, it’s widely believed Mrs. Reynolds and her husband conspired to set Hamilton up so they could blackmail him. 

 

In the pamphlet, published in 1797, Hamilton admitted he was guilty of adultery but vehemently insisted he was not guilty of corruption.

 

The Federalist Papers

Hamilton is most well-known for writing fifty-one of the eight-five installments of The Federalist Papers. The remaining essays and articles were written by James Madison and John Jay, but each one appeared under the pseudonym of Publius—the same pen name that Hamilton used for his letters attacking Samuel Chase.

Hamilton, Madison, and Jay wrote The Federalist Papers to encourage public support for the proposed U.S. Constitution. The vast majority of the essays were published between October 1787 and August 1788 in New York newspapers and sometimes reprinted in other states' newspapers.

 

The collected Federalist Papers
in one volume and
an advertisement for the book.

 

Poetry

 

Before embarking on his political writing career—remember that his first anonymous pamphlets were written in 1774—Hamilton wrote a few poems and a hymn that appeared in the Royal Danish American Gazette, a St. Croix (Virgin Islands) newspaper.

 

The first two published poems were printed with Hamilton’s query letter. He wrote:

 

“I am a youth about seventeen, and consequently such an attempt as this must be presumptuous; but if, upon perusal, you think the following piece worthy of a place in your paper, by inserting it you’ll much oblige Your obedient servant, A.H.”

 

Another poem, “The Melancholy Hour,” was published on October 11, 1772 under the pseudonym Juvenis.

 

“This brooding work,” writes Ron Chernow in his biography of Hamilton, “reprises the theme of the hurricane as heavenly retribution upon a fallen world.” He quotes the following two lines:

 

Why hangs this gloomy damp upon my mind 

Why heaves my bosom with the struggling sigh?

 

An unsigned four-stanza hymn, “The Soul Ascending Into Bliss,” appeared in the Gazette on October 17, 1772. Chernow calls this “a lovely, mystical meditation in which Hamilton envisions his soul soaring heavenward.”

 

Here’s an excerpt:

 

Hark! Hark! A voice from yonder sky

Methinks I hear my Savior cry…

I come oh Lord, I mount, I fly

On rapid wings I cleave the sky.”

 

The Gazette published another poem, “A Character” by A.H., on February 3, 1773.

 

“In this short, disillusioned work,” Chernow writes, “Hamilton evokes a sharp-witted fellow named Eugenio who manages inadvertently to antagonize all his friends.” 

 

Here are the final two lines of the poem: 

 

Wit not well govern’d rankles into vice

He to his Jest his friend he will sacrifice.

 

A DOOMED DUELIST

 

On July 11, 1804, Hamilton and Aaron Burr fought a duel. 

 

Though Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson held opposing political views, Hamilton supported Jefferson for the presidency over Burr who was considered to be power-hungry and unprincipled scoundrel by his contemporaries. 

Burr accused Hamilton of impugning his honor and challenged him to a duel after Hamilton refused to apologize for disparaging remarks he’d made.

 

Hamilton told his second that he would purposely miss Burr and may have expected his opponent to do the same. 

 

However, Burr aimed at Hamilton and wounded him. 

 

Hamilton died the next day.

 

Whether born in 1755 or 1757, he wasn’t yet 50 years old.

 

HONORING HAMILTON

 

“…he was first on the $5, then the $2, $20, $50, $500, $1000 (those larger denominations were only used to move money among banks or between banks and the Federal Reserve). Since the currency was redesigned and given a standard size in 1928, Hamilton has been on the $10” (Brian Phillips Murphy).

 

RE-IMAGINING HAMILTON

 

The highly-acclaimed Broadway production of Lin-Manuel Miranda’s Hamilton was nominated for 16 Tony Awards and won 11 including Best Musical, Best Actor, Best Choreography, and Best Orchestrations. The script was based on Ron Chernow’s biography of Hamilton.

 

Your Turn ~ Which of Hamilton’s writings impress you the most?

Johnnie Alexander writes award-winning stories of enduring love and quiet courage. Her historical and contemporary novels weave together unforgettable romance, compelling characters, and a touch of mystery. A sometime hermit and occasional vagabond who most often kicks off her shoes in Florida, Johnnie cherishes cozy family times and enjoys long road trips. Readers are invited to discover glimpses of grace and timeless truth in her stories. Connect with her at johnnie-alexander.com.

 

Sources

 

Chernow, Ron. Alexander Hamilton. New York: Penguin Press (2004). https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher/page/38/mode/2up. (Accessed on June 29, 2025.)

 

Murphy, Brian Phillips. “Alexander Hamilton on the $10 Bill: How He Got There and Why It Matters.” The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/essays/alexander-hamilton-10-bill-how-he-got-there-and-why-it-matters (Accessed on June 30, 2025.)

 

https://blogs.loc.gov/catbird/2017/09/a-look-at-alexander-hamiltons-saucy-religious-sentimental-poetry/

 

https://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/faq/founding-fathers-not-signers

 

https://historythings.com/the-many-written-works-of-alexander-hamilton/

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)

 

Photos ~ All photos are in public domain except the Hamilton poster which is categorized as “Fair Use." 

"Alexander Hamilton" ~ Portrait by John Trumbull. 

 

"Alexander Hamilton in the Uniform of the New York Artillery" ~ Portrait by Alonzo Chappel.

Portrait of Hamilton authoring the first draft of the U.S. Constitution in 1787.

A 1901 illustration of Aaron Burr fatally wounding Alexander Hamilton in their 1804 duel in Weehawken, New Jersey. 

The Federalist Papers.

An advertisement for the book edition of The Federalist. 

Florida Artists ~ George Inness, Jr.

I confess I’d never heard of George Inness, Jr. (nor George Inness, Sr., also recognized as an important artist) before researching Florida artists.

And yet, this renowned landscape artist and philanthropist contributed so much to the one Florida town’s cultural development that it is often referred to as the City of Arts.

That town is Tarpon Springs, located on the west coast of Florida in the Tampa Bay area, and it’s also known for its Greek heritage, freshly caught fish, and sponge-diving. (I’ve been a tourist there ~ the fish and the baklava are great and you can buy all kinds and sizes of sponges!)

Mr. Inness (January 5, 1854 – July 27, 1926) was born in Paris, France and lived an intercontinental life. While living on the East Coast of the U.S., his father often took him to Europe. 

He began his artistic career as a magazine illustrator but eventually attended the Ecole des Beaux Arts. He later opened a studio and even became “an Officer in the Académie des Beaux Arts, a rare distinction for an American” (Hall of Fame).

Once he returned to the U.S. in 1900, Mr. Inness became a snowbird. He lived in Cragsmoor, New York, but wintered in Tarpon Springs. The latter is where he spent his most productive years as a landscape painter.

The Unitarian Universalist Church in that Florida city owns eleven of his works. A few of these are murals painted on the church sanctuary walls.

Museums that include his paintings in their collections include: 

• Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC
• Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
• New Jersey’s Montclair Art Museum, Montclair, NJ
• Cici and Hyatt Brown Museum of Art, Daytona Beach, FL 

“He is recognized as a great Florida artist for his depiction of the state’s unspoiled landscapes full of the flora and fauna of his time” (Hall of Fame)."

Here’s an interesting tidbit ~ Financial success seemed to be launched after Mr. Inness sold a large painting of New Hampshire’s Mount Washington to his father-in-law, the founder of a publishing company.

Mr. Inness’s 27-room Florida home, known as Inness Manor, became a famed artists’ colony. It boasted a large painting studio and artists’ cottages where other prominent painters often visited.

Chetolah, his New York home, has its own claim to fame ~ it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Johnnie Alexander is a bestselling, award-winning novelist of more than thirty works of fiction in multiple genres. She is both traditionally and indie-published, serves as board secretary for the Mosaic Collection, LLC (an indie-author group) and faculty chair for the Mid-South Christian Writers Conference; co-hosts Writers Chat, a weekly online show; and contributes to the HHHistory.com blog. With a heart for making memories, Johnnie is a fan of classic movies, stacks of books, and road trips. Connect with her at JohnnieAlexander.com.

Photos

George Inness, Jr. Portrait By Internet Archive Book Images ~ https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43632603; no restrictions

Sources

Hall of Fame ~ https://dos.fl.gov/cultural/programs/florida-artists-hall-of-fame/george-inness-jr/

Unitarian Universalist Church in Tarpon Springs ~ https://www.uutarpon.org/inness-paintings/

Honorary Floridians ~ A Recap

 

Florida has long been known as a state of transplants. So much so that when attendees at a local chamber of commerce committee meeting were asked to go around the table and introduce themselves, those that were born in the state proudly announced their name followed by, “and I’m a native Floridian.” 

 

When it came my turn, I managed to get a few laughs by saying my name followed by, “and my son is a native Floridian.”

 

That was, incredibly, over twenty-five years ago and that son, now living in Oklahoma, has a “Flo-Grown” decal and a Florida State University (his favorite college team) license plate frame on his vehicle.

 

What was true all those years ago—that being a Florida native was a little uncommon—is probably still true today though not necessarily in my family. Four of my five grandchildren are also “Flo-grown,” and while not a native myself, last year I claimed Florida residency for the third time in my life. 

 

What can I say? I adore this state where the sun often shines when it’s raining, there are alligators in the pond behind our house, and long-legged sand cranes stroll along our streets. And, yes, the heat and humidity can be atrocious. 

 

That makes no difference to me. I hope to live the rest of my life here!

 

What does all this have to do with Florida authors, artists, and architects?

 

As you may have realized from reading my posts on this series, few of the featured individuals were born in Florida. However, each one lived at least part of their lifetime in the Sunshine State.

 

In fact, none of the four talented individuals we’ve highlighted this year can claim the coveted “Flo-grown” title. 

Yet each one is an acclaimed honorary Floridian.

 

Let’s do a quick recap.

 

Julia Daniels Moseley (1849-1917), author of “Come to My Sunland”: Letters of Julia Daniels Moseley from the Florida Frontier, 1882-1886, moved to the Tampa area from Illinois. The home she and her husband created, known as “The Nest,” is now on the National Register of Historic Places. She lived about half of her life in Florida and is buried in the Limona Cemetery, Brandon.

Mary Ann Carroll (1940-2019), the only woman included in the twenty-six Original Florida Highwaymen—Black artists known for selling their colorful landscapes from the trunks of their cars—was born in Georgia. Along with the other Highwaymen, Ms. Carroll was inducted into the Florida Artists Hall of Fame. She moved to Florida as a child and is buried in the Pine Grove Cemetery, Fort Pierce.

Untitled ~ Poinciana Tree

Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings (1896-1953) was born in Washington D.C. She is the author of two award-winning books that were adapted into major films ~ The Yearling and Cross Creek. Both these works were inspired by the farm, now a state park, that Ms. Rawlings established in the Florida “scrub.” 

 

Katherine Cotheal Budd (1860-1951) was born in Clinton, Iowa and lived much of her life in New York. But she spent about three years in Florida where she designed two notable estates ~ the Howey Mansion in Howey-in-the-Hills and the Harry C. Duncan House in Tavares. Both these mansions are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. She lived the last ten years of her life in Arizona.

Howey Mansion

In coming months, I'll feature more authors, artists, and architects. How interesting it'll be to see if they're "Flo-grown" or "Honorary" Floridians. 

If you missed any of the above posts, then click on these links to find out more about these amazing individuals.

Florida's Featured Author ~ Julia Daniels Moseley

Florida's Featured Artist ~ Mary Ann Carroll 

Florida's Featured Author ~ Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings

Florida's Featured Architect ~ Katherine Cotheal Budd

Johnnie Alexander is a bestselling, award-winning novelist of more than thirty works of fiction in multiple genres. She is both traditionally and indie-published, serves as board secretary for the Mosaic Collection, LLC (an indie-author group) and faculty chair for the Mid-South Christian Writers Conference; co-hosts Writers Chat, a weekly online show; and contributes to the HHHistory.com blog. With a heart for making memories, Johnnie is a fan of classic movies, stacks of books, and road trips. Connect with her at JohnnieAlexander.com.

[Note ~ to find more information about photos and sources, click on the links for the individual posts.]

Florida Architects ~ Lake County Historic Mansions

 

 

The first woman to become a member of American Institute of Architects’ New York chapter wasn’t formally trained as an architect. 

 

Instead, Katherine Cotheal Budd (born in 1860 in Clinton, Iowa), had studied art and design at the Shinnecock Hills Summer School of Art (Long Island) from 1891 to 1894. After that, she studied with William R. Ware, an architect who also taught at Columbia University. She achieved her AIA membership in 1924.

 

The Howey Mansion, Howey-in-the-Hills

 

Ms. Budd is notable for designing the Howey Mansion, built in 1925 for citrus magnate William J. Howey and his wife, Mary Grace Hastings Howey. The house “is a great example of the Mediterranean Revival architecture that appeared during the state’s land boom era” (Dykstra).

Howey House, circa 1925

The mansion’s twenty-room interior featured high ceilings, original hand-painted tiles, and a grand staircase. Florida’s elite attended the glamorous parties held beneath the red tile roofing. Even Calvin Coolidge was a guest! 

 

Though the house fell into disrepair over the decades, the magnificent house has been restored and was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

Harry C. Duncan House, Tavares

 

 

Ms. Budd also designed a historic home in Tavares which is considered “one of the best examples of the Colonial Revival style in Florida” (Duncan). This mansion, built for Harry C. Duncan, a prominent community leader, was added to the National Register in 1997. Mr. Duncan was a colleague of William Howey—in fact, he helped persuade Mr. Howey to move to Lake County where both these homes are located.

Legacy

 

Though she maintained her architectural practice in New York City, Ms. Budd often traveled to Europe. She lived in Florida from about 1926 to 1928, apparently staying in the Sunshine State for health reasons after her two major commissions. During her long career, Ms. Budd designed hospitals, churches, and more than a hundred houses.

 

She also teamed up with other notable women architects to design Hostess Houses for American military camps during World War I. The YWCA (Young Women’s Christian Association) commissioned these newly constructed buildings to provide a comfortable place where soldiers could entertain their families and “as places for women to gain experience in managing complex and relatively large institutions” (Brandimarte).

 

Ms. Budd was not only a talented architect. She also wrote articles focusing on kitchen, pantry, and Japanese design for such journals as American Homes and Gardens, Architectural Record, and Country Life. 

 

In 1940, Ms. Budd moved to Tucson where she taught arts and crafts as a Girl Scouts volunteer. She died, at age 90, in 1951. 

Your Turn ~ Which architectural style do you prefer--Mediterranean Revival (the Howey Mansion) or Colonial Revival (the Duncan House)?

 

More Info

 

This site has amazing photos of Howey Mansion’s interior and details more of its history ~ https://abandonedfl.com/howey-mansion/.

 

More info about Ms. Budd and the Hostess Houses, including photos, can be found at this site ~ https://misspreservation.com/2016/03/16/seven-years-the-hostess-house-and-the-female-architect-and-mississippi/.

 

Johnnie Alexander is a bestselling, award-winning novelist of more than thirty works of fiction in multiple genres. She is both traditionally and indie-published, serves as board secretary for the Mosaic Collection, LLC (an indie-author group) and faculty chair for the Mid-South Christian Writers Conference; co-hosts Writers Chat, a weekly online show; and contributes to the HHHistory.com blog. With a heart for making memories, Johnnie is a fan of classic movies, stacks of books, and road trips. Connect with her at JohnnieAlexander.com.

 

Photos

Harry C. Duncan House ~ https://web.archive.org/web/20101215202455/http:/dhr.dos.state.fl.us/facts/reports/places/index.cfm?fuseaction=FullImage&id=897

Harry C. Duncan House ~ By Ebyabe ~ Own work, CC BY 2.5, ~ https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1841470. 

Howey House, circa 1925 ~ Florida Memory offers all images under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain Mark 1.0 (PDM 1.0). This indicates that the images are free from all known copyright restrictions. For more information, please visit https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/.

Howey Mansion, Howey-in-the-Hills, Florida ~ Ebyabe via Wikimedia Commons.

Sources

Brandimarte, Cynthia. "Women on the Home Front Hostess Houses during World War I." https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/592789. (Accessed April 6, 2025.)

Dykstra, Jon. "15 of the Finest Historic Mansions in Florida (Gilded Age South)." https://www.homestratosphere.com/historic-mansions-florida/. (Posted November 17, 2024; accessed January 2, 2025).

Harry C. Duncan House. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_C._Duncan_House. (Accessed April 6, 2025).

Florida’s Featured Author ~ Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings

Quick Bio

Born ~ August 8, 1896 in Washington, D.C.
Parents ~ Ida May (née Traphagen) and Arthur Frank Kinnan
Married ~ Charles Rawlings (m. 1919; div. 1933); Norton Baskin (m. 1941)
Died ~ December 14, 1953 (aged 57)
Buried ~ Antioch Cemetery, Island Grove, Florida

Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings is best known for two books ~ the best-selling Cross Creek, which the New York Times called “an autobiographical regional study,” and the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, The Yearling. 

Both books were adapted into major films.

Before settling into her remote Florida orange grove in 1928, Ms. Rawlings and her then-husband both worked for the Rochester (New York) Journal-American. Ms. Rawlings wrote a syndicated column called “Songs of the Housewife.” Before that both Mr. and Mrs. Rawlings wrote for the Courier Journal while living in Louisville, Kentucky.

During her years at Cross Creek, Ms. Rawlings “felt a profound and transforming connection to the region and the land.…[She] filled several notebooks with descriptions of the animals, plants, Southern dialect, and recipes, and she used these descriptions in her writings” (MKR).

Fiction ~ The Yearling

Set in the Big Scrub (the Cross Creek backwoods), the novel is about a young boy, Jody Baxter, who adopts a pet deer in the post-Civil War years.

The setting “becomes a character in itself…[as Ms.] Rawlings exposes how nature can be both a comforting escape and a cruel force of destruction and death” (Theme).

The Yearling, published in March 1938, sold more than 250,000 copies in 1938, making it the best-selling novel in the U.S. The following year, it was in seventh place.

More Accolades:

• Selected for the Book of the Month Club (April 1938); 
• Won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (1939); 
• Translated into about thirty other languages.

The novel was adapted into a film which was released by MGM in 1946. It won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction (Color) and Best Cinematography (Color).

Claude Jarman, Jr. won the Academy Juvenile Award for “outstanding child actor of 1946” and received a miniature statuette for his portrayal of Jody Baxter.

Other Academy Award nominations include:

• Sidney Franklin (MGM) for Best Motion Picture; 
• Clarence Brown for Best Directing; 
• Gregory Peck for Best Actor (playing Jody’s father); 
• Jane Wyman for Best Actress (playing Jody’s mother); 
• Harold F. Kress for Best Film Editing

Non-fiction ~ Cross Creek

Both Cross Creek and a companion book called Cross Creek Cookery were published in 1942. 

The former, a bestseller, sold more than 500,000 copies.

It was also a Book of the Month Club selection and was sent to World War II servicemen. 

A film adaptation starring Mary Steenburgen as Ms. Rawlings released in 1983. Though not a box office success, the movie garnered numerous awards including four Academy Award nominations for the following: 

• Rip Torn for Best Supporting Actor;
• Alfre Woodard for Best Supporting Actress;
• Joe I. Tompkins for Best Costume Design;
• Leonard Rosenman for Best Original Score.

Martin Ritt was nominated for the Cannes Film Festival's Palme d’Or Award (the highest prize awarded to the director of the Best Feature Film).

Alfre Woodard won Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture in the NAACP Image Awards.

The two Young Artist Awards nominations included Best Family Feature Motion Picture and Dana Hill for Best Young Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture.

The National Board of Review Awards awarded the movie 9th place in their Top Ten Films list.

Ms. Rawlings’ Legacy

• At age 15 ~ won a prize for her short story, “The Reincarnation of Miss Hetty”;
• 1918 ~ graduated with a degree in English from the University of Wisconsin-Madison;
• 1956 ~ won a Newbery Honor for The Secret River, a children’s fantasy novel, published after her death;
• 1986 ~ inducted into the Florida Women’s Hall of Fame;
• 1989 ~ won the Florida Folk Heritage Award;
• 2008 ~ honored with a USPS stamp;
• 2009 ~ named a Great Floridian, a program which honors those who make major contributions to the state.

"Through her writing she endeared herself 

to the people of the world."

Inscription on Ms. Rawlings' Monument

You can visit Ms. Rawlings’ “cracker-style home and farm, where she wrote her Pulitzer prize-winning novel The Yearling and other wonderful works of fiction” which “has been restored and is preserved as it was when she lived here” (State Park).

See the Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Historic State Park website for more info on visiting the historic farm and trails.

Your Turn

Though I'm not a Florida native, I've lived most of my adult life in the Sunshine State. And I love it here! 

I also love authors who write about Florida's history. 

What authors do you love who write about your favorite region of the world?

Johnnie Alexander is a bestselling, award-winning novelist of more than thirty works of fiction in multiple genres. She is both traditionally and indie-published, serves as board secretary for the Mosaic Collection, LLC (an indie-author group) and faculty chair for the Mid-South Christian Writers Conference; co-hosts Writers Chat, a weekly online show; and contributes to the HHHistory.com blog. With a heart for making memories, Johnnie is a fan of classic movies, stacks of books, and road trips. Connect with her at JohnnieAlexander.com.

Photos

Claude Jarman, Jr. ~ Publicity photo of Claude Jarman Jr taken for film Intruder in the Dust (1949). Public domain.

Cross Creek ~ By Moni3 - Own work (Original text: Self-made), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=67543685

Cross Creek movie poster ~ Fair use.

Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings ~ Public domain.

Sources

MKR ~ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Kinnan_Rawlings

State Park ~ https://www.floridastateparks.org/parks-and-trails/marjorie-kinnan-rawlings-historic-state-park

Theme ~ https://www.supersummary.com/the-yearling/themes/