Live Theater Growing Pains

By Kathy Kovach

By the turn of 19th century, British influence had been suppressed in colonial America thanks to the American Revolution. The new nation was free to create its own identity, and live theater accepted the challenge. Some hotspots, of course, still remained, most notably the Astor Place Riot that occurred in New York City on May 10, 1849. More on that later.

In 1832, William Dunlap, known as “The Father of American Drama”, characterized theater as a powerful engine.

“No arts can be made more effectual for the promotion of good than the dramatic and the histrionic. They unite music, poetry, painting, and eloquence. The engine is powerful for good or ill—it is for society to choose.”

Even though some southern states had already embraced live theater, three northern cities became the nerve center: Boston, Philadelphia, and New York.

Boston’s growing pains didn’t stem from British prejudice, but from Puritan resistance. Heavy hitters such as John Hancock and Sam Adams contributed to the religious, as well as artistic, suppression.

Poster of The Boston Museum, circa 1847

However, creativity cannot be squelched. Theaters were masked under names such as Exhibition Hall and Boston Museum. A comedic play, The Contrast, was billed as “a moral lecture in five parts” according to an advertisement in Boston’s Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advisor (October 18, 1792).

Beginning in the late 1700s, Philadelphia claimed to have been the center of theater entertainment until New York commanded the stage after the 1830s. In the 19th century alone, Philadelphia built over 100 theaters. The Chestnut Street Theatre, first opened in 1794 with a capacity of entertaining 2,000 patrons. In comparison, the Gershwin Theatre in New York is considered the largest on Broadway and holds 1,933 seats. The Chestnut Street Theatre was also the first in America to be lit by gaslight.

The Arch Street Theatre opened on October 1, 1828 and boasted a magnificent 108-year run. The notoriously infamous John Wilkes Booth joined the stock company there in 1857.

Louisa Lane Drew as Ophelia c. 1840-48

The Arch was the first theater to employ a female manager. In 1860, stockholders suggested veteran actress Louisa Lane Drew replace her husband, John Drew, due to his mismanagement for ten years. It thrived under her watchful eye until her retirement in 1892.

Lionel, Ethel, and John Barrymore, c. 1904

Drew Barrymore, 2014

Born into a performing family, Louisa Drew started acting as a child. The genes must have been strong as she went on to become the grandmother of Lionel, Ethel, and John Barrymore. Establishing herself as the matriarchal ancestor to the famous Barrymore-Drew acting family, spanning four centuries.

New York City live theater started small. The first appeared on Nassau Street in 1732. Nearly twenty years later, the New York Theatre became the first to present a musical in 1750.

Bowery Theatre

Park Theatre

Opening in 1826, the Bowery Theatre, located on the rowdy lower east side of Manhattan, became popular. Audiences there were known to disrupt performances, going as far as throwing projectiles. Their polar opposite competition, the elite Park Theatre, was located in what is now the Civic Center neighborhood of Manhattan. They catered to imported British actors, presenting Shakespeare.

Astor Place Riot

In 1847, the Astor Place Theatre, located in lower Manhattan, had been built to attract the upper crust of society. European entertainment fit their bill. A dress code was implemented, insisting on “freshly shaven faces, evening dress, and kid gloves”. While attempting to establish an air of refinement, no one could envision the tragedy that would ensue less than two years after its opening.

Yes, the Revolutionary War had helped America to establish its own identity, and yes, much of the British influence had been suppressed, but not eradicated. Sixty-four years after the war, pockets of loyalists remained on both sides.

William Charles Macready

Edwin Forrest

Enter William Charles Macready, a renowned British thespian, and Edwin Forrest an equally loved American actor having established himself at the Bowery Theatre. Both performed notable Shakespearean characters. Both were accomplished in their art.

Astor Place Riot

On the surface, the Astor Place Riot may have looked like a rivalry between the two men and their supporters, Macready’s fans preferring the gentility of the British style, and Forrest’s championing his robust, athletic technique. Forrest exacerbated the feud by hissing at Macready from a private box seat in the audience during a performance of Hamlet in Edinburgh, Scotland. This was in retaliation of the European audience doing the same to him while delivering his interpretation of Macbeth, of which his style of acting was unsuited.

In a plot twist, once Isaiah Rynders became involved, things got ugly.

Hollywood actor Edward G. Robinson as a mob boss

Isaiah Rynders was an underworld figure (I read that as gangster) who was known for organizing election fraud and participating in voter intimidation. When Macready performed Macbeth at the Astor Place Theatre on May 7, 1849, three days before the riot, Rynders stirred up the audience, encouraging them to throw things and be disruptive. On May 10, he went too far, and in an attempt to make a point against the British, he handed out handbills and free tickets throughout saloons and various places in the city, inviting patriots to Macready’s next performance in order to demonstrate their feelings about the British.

When the play opened that evening, 10,000 people lined the streets. The riot broke out and vegetables and shoes were replaced with stones. Some attempted to set fire to the building.

The militia was called in, as were the police. In all, 600 soldiers and law enforcement personnel fought against angry civilians answering Rynders’s question: “Shall Americans or English rule this city?”

In the end, nearly two dozen rioters were killed and forty-eight were injured. The militia and policemen also suffered wounds. The theater never was the same, and ended up closing after the next season. Edwin Forrest’s reputation took a hit, as well, because some still saw it as one rival actor attacking another.

Whether this tragedy opened people’s eyes, or the stigma of British rule simply faded, I’m not certain, but at some point in American theater’s four-decade history, things have settled down.

To finish on a happy note, who’s up for musical theater?

Titanic: Legacy of Betrayal

A TIME-SLIP NOVEL

A secret. A key. Much was buried on the Titanic, but now it's time for resurrection.

Follow two intertwining stories a century apart. 1912 - Matriarch Olive Stanford protects a secret after boarding the Titanic that must go to her grave. 2012 - Portland real estate agent Ember Keaton-Jones receives the key that will unlock the mystery of her past... and her distrusting heart.

To buy: Amazon

Kathleen E. Kovach is a Christian romance author published traditionally through Barbour Publishing, Inc. as well as indie. Kathleen and her husband, Jim, raised two sons while living the nomadic lifestyle for over twenty years in the Air Force. Now planted in northeast Colorado, she's a grandmother and a great-grandmother—though much too young for either. Kathleen has been a longstanding member of American Christian Fiction Writers. An award-winning author, she presents spiritual truths with a giggle, proving herself as one of God's peculiar people.

Website

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Into the Air Against Germany - Diary of a B-17 Pilot's 20th Combat Mission in 1945

By Mary Dodge Allen 

Our country is celebrating its 250th anniversary this year. To honor those who have served our country and put their lives on the line during WWII, I am revisiting the blog I wrote in 2022 - the summary of pilot Ralph "Lee' Minker's diary of his 20th B-17 mission. The co-pilot on this mission was my uncle, Gordon Dodge.

Lt. Ralph "Lee" Minker, Pilot

U.S. Eighth Air Force,  447th Bomb Group, 709th Squadron

"Hey, men, the board is red, and the sky is clear. Get some sleep!"

WWII combat bomber crews stationed in East Anglia, England are on red alert to fly a bombing mission tomorrow. Before preparing for bed at 20:00 (8:00 P.M.), letters are written to mothers, wives and sweethearts back home. Idle gossip is exchanged, along with speculation about tomorrow’s target. In the background, the A.F.N. (Armed Forces Network) broadcasts the latest hit songs, such as “Rum and Coca Cola” by the Andrews Sisters.

At 02:30 (2:30 A.M.) the C.Q. (Charge of Quarters) awakens us from our fitful, nervous sleep. We wash, get dressed and then stop to eat a tasteless breakfast of soggy powdered eggs before reporting to the group briefing room. One by one, we file into the large bare room and sit as crew units on the wooden benches. Some of us engage in hushed conversation, while others fidget restlessly as they stare at the large white sheet covering the map of Europe and the combat route for today.

Promptly at 03:30 (3:30 A.M.) the briefing officer pulls back the sheet. We all focus on the end of the black tape marking the target—Frankfurt am Main. An excited buzz breaks out. “We were sure hit hard by the Luftwaffe over there last month... This ain’t no milk run brother...” 

All quiet down as the officer begins briefing the target M.P.I. (mean point of impact): the city railway marshaling yards, a hub connecting vital enemy areas of the Ruhr, Bavaria and Berlin. He describes the bomb–run, possible flak and fighters, radio interference, decoy planes and messages. The weatherman flashes a meteorology chart on an improvised screen. He concludes by warning us about fog at takeoff. A veteran who flew with the R.A.F. (Royal Air Force) in the Battle of Britain gives the briefing for takeoff, formation, flight altitudes and fighter escort. The C.O. (Commanding Officer) emphasizes tight defensive formation and bombs on target and wishes us happy landings.

Pilots, navigators, bombardiers and radio operators separate for specialized briefing before getting dressed for the mission. Gunners dress right away and head out to their B-17 bombers to put the fifty calibers in fighting order.

Dressing for a combat flying mission— where temperatures can reach 45 degrees below zero centigrade at 30,000 feet—requires layers of clothing, beginning with long winter underwear. Over that, I wear a khaki shirt and khaki pants (my lucky pair), and then an electrically-heated rayon suit, topped with a cotton flying suit and a wool-lined flying jacket. Wool socks are covered with electrically-heated felt slippers and wool-lined flying boots. 

I pull on skin-tight silk inner gloves and electrically-heated leather outer gloves, which I detest for their clumsiness. Before takeoff, I will don a wool-lined flying helmet equipped with radio earphones. I’ll also wear a parachute and harness, which has a “Mae West” water float that inflates around the chest, if necessary. I worry about working up a sweat, which can freeze at icy high altitudes.

By 04:30 (4:30 A.M.) I am driven with the rest of my crew to our B-17 G, Boeing Flying Fortress. Al, our ground crew chief from Tennessee, informs me that he’s completed preflight checks of all four engines and we’re ready to fly. (Al and his Connecticut-born assistant, Art have been up all night working on the number two engine fuel line, which gave us trouble on yesterday’s mission). I call a last-minute crew briefing, and then we pause for a quiet prayer together. My crew is ready to go.

Front row, L-R: Joe Trambley (Tail Gunner); Max Shepherd (Ball Turret Gunner); Olaf Larsen (Radio Operator); Jim Shannon (Engineer); Harold McKay (Armorer, Waist Gunner)
Back row, L-R: Lt. Gordon Dodge (Co-Pilot); Wesley Pitts (Navigator); Johnny Rosiala (Bombardier); Lt. Ralph “Lee” Minker (Pilot)

Number one engine sputters, coughs and then turns over with a steady blasting roar. We start the other three without undue trouble. They warm up as we slowly taxi out and join the line of bombers ready for takeoff. When we get a green light flash from the control tower, we roar down the long black runway and enter the air. The powerful surge and lift of a plane into flight always thrills me, for “I have slipped the surly bonds of earth…”

The bombers circle as they jockey into formation. I glance down at the patterns of land, visible through the blue haze of fog beneath us. We leave the English coast, and tension builds during the dull, tiring monotony of flight over the sinister black North Sea. I chew gum to moisten my mouth and relieve stress. Crew members take their last smokes and exchange nervous chatter on the plane interphone as we approach the enemy coast.

WWII B-17 Bombers in flight formation (Public Domain)

We don our oxygen masks and heavy flak helmets and jackets as we climb to a bombing altitude of 27,000 feet. A dull, penetrating cold surrounds me as I guide the bomber forward. Up ahead over the target, I see a black, hypnotizing cloud of flak explosions. It looks thick enough to walk on. The number two engine prop governor surges erratically. I can feel myself sweat.

We reach the I. P. (Initial Point) and begin the bombing run, flying straight and level with the bombardier in control. Flak explodes around us, cruel and close as we maintain a steady flight course toward the target. Ugly black bursts shake the bomber’s frame.

“We’re hit in the tail!” Joe shouts over the interphone.

“Hold steady, men!”

Johnny shouts, “Bombs Away!” Our plane surges upward at the release of the bomb weight.

“Let’s get the hell out of here!”

We turn and dive sharply. German FW 190 (Focke-Wulf) fighters attack. The loud, booming fire of our fifty-calibers breaks out. Our P-51 Mustang fighters drive the fighters away without serious damage to our plane. Our group reassembles, and I see planes missing from red squadron. 

Our number two engine quits, and I feather the prop. We’ll have to sweat out the flight back over the North Sea. We begin a painfully gradual descent. At 10,000 feet, I take off my oxygen mask and taste the wonderful fresh cold air as I eat a delicious frozen chocolate bar. The crew is talkative, happy. Our beautiful home base comes into view. We circle and land on the asphalt with a squeal of our tires at 15:30 (3:30 P.M.) and then taxi to our hardstand.

We are totally drained... so tired we talk in hand jerks as we unload. “Number two engine went bad again, Al. Better patch up that tail.” A G.I. truck picks us up. We drink Red Cross coffee, along with a couple of relaxing shots of Scotch, and gulp down donuts and sandwiches. Then the pilot debriefing: we hit the target, but two of our planes and their men are believed lost.

We return to the barracks and find that the damn board is red alert for another mission tomorrow.

_____________

Ralph “Lee” Minker flew 37 combat missions in the B-17 he named Blue Hen Chick, in honor of the name given to the Delaware soldiers in the American Revolution – the fightin’ “Blue Hen Chickens.” Ralph returned to the U.S. in August, 1945 at the rank of Captain. In September, he returned to Dickinson College in Carlisle, PA. He wrote this mission summary for his Winter, 1946 WWII History class. The nearly 700 letters he exchanged with his family during the war are held in The Ralph Minker/Minker Family Letters Collection at the Delaware Historical Society. Below is the link:

https://dehistory.org/.../digital.../minker-family-letters/

Lt. Gordon B. Dodge, Co-Pilot on Minker's crew

Gordon Dodge completed 35 missions and returned to the U.S. in 1945

On February 15, 2015, Uncle Gordon, age 95, flew with us on a B-17 at a Venice, FL airshow. He met with the other riders and answered their questions about his combat missions. He said he enjoyed this flight because, "nobody was shooting at me."

Note: Crew photo and photo of bombers in formation, Public Domain.
Individual photos, used with permission of the Minker and Dodge families.

_______________

Mary Dodge Allen is currently finishing her sequel to Hunt for a Hometown Killer. She's won a Christian Indie Award, an Angel Book Award, and two Royal Palm Literary Awards (Florida Writer's Association). She and her husband live in Central Florida. She is a member of American Christian Fiction Writers and Faith Hope and Love Christian Writers. 

Website: www.marydodgeallen.com

Recent release, anthology devotional: El Jireh, The God Who Provides

Mary's story, entitled: A Mother's Desperate Prayer, describes her struggle with guilt and despair after her young son is badly burned in a kitchen accident. When we are at the end of all we have, El Jireh provides what we need. 

Click the link below to purchase on Amazon:

https://www.amazon.com/El-Jireh-God-Who-Provides/dp/1963611608

Mary's novel: Hunt for a Hometown Killer won the 2022 Christian Indie Award, First Place - Mystery/Suspense; and the 2022 Angel Book Award - Mystery/Suspense.

Click the link below to buy Hunt for a Hometown Killer at Amazon.com:

Hunt For A Hometown Killer: A Novel: Allen, Mary Dodge: 9781952369704: Amazon.com: Books

Link to Mary's Spotlight Interview:   Mary Dodge Allen Author Spotlight EA Book

It’s All About The Flipper

By Suzanne Norquist

Before video games, there was pinball, a harmless arcade game. Yet, for a time, many U.S. cities outlawed the device. Police would raid amusement centers and smash the machines in a dramatic show of force.

Before I get to that, I’ll take a step back. Where did this game come from anyway?

It’s actually an offshoot of popular European lawn games.

People with time on their hands needed something to do on bad-weather days. The French created Bagatelle, a table game in a wooden box, in the late 1700s. Players would use sticks, resembling pool cues, to push balls around a board. Pins sticking out of the board formed obstacles, which explains why it became pinball.

In 1871, Montague Redgrave reduced the size and added a coiled spring and plunger. He got a U.S. patent on this Bagatelle game.

The game didn’t change much until the 1930s, when the coin-operated pinball machine came on the scene. Manufacturers offered several variations with different names and features. Those included Whiffle Board, Bollyhoo, Bingo, and Baffle Ball, to name a few. The first one to be called pinball didn’t show up until 1936.

The Great Depression increased the demand for these machines, as they offered an inexpensive escape from life’s troubles.

In 1933, battery-operated lights and sounds enhanced the game. The “tilt” mechanism was added in 1935 to keep people from cheating by shoving the machine. And by 1937, bumpers created additional excitement.

Many manufacturers were located in Chicago, home of the mob. It didn’t take long for unsavory types to discover the joy of gambling on the outcome of the game. With a simple plunger to propel the ball, it was a game of chance. (On a side note, the cash-operated machines also provided a handy way to launder money.)

The gambling caused many cities to outlaw the game—that and the fact that people shouldn’t waste their hard-earned money on pinball. In 1937, the Illinois Attorney General said the machines should be outlawed. In 1942, the Illinois Supreme Court said that “mechanical gambling devices” could be banned, leaving the definition open to interpretation.

In 1942, the mayor of New York declared an all-out war on the machines. Police confiscated them in prohibition-style raids. They smashed them with sledge hammers and threw them into the river.

Other major cities followed suit.

In 1947, flippers were added to the pinball machine, transforming it from a game of chance to a game of skill. The player could “flip” the ball before it rolled out of the box for a higher score. Early flippers were much shorter than modern ones and faced the outside of the machine instead of inside.

Laws banning the machines remained on the books in California and New York until the mid-1970s. A large part of the argument to change the law hinged on the idea that it was, in fact, a game of skill.

There’s actually a movie about the reversal of the ban, Pinball: The Man Who Saved the Game (2022). Who knew?

Without the flipper, it would be like any other casino game, subject to gambling restrictions. The flipper changes everything.

Pinball and other arcade games gave way to modern video games, however, old-fashioned pinball is making a comeback. Nothing can beat the thrill of pressing a button to flip the flipper at just the right moment.

*** 

Love In Bloom 4-in-one collection

“A Song for Rose” by Suzanne Norquist

Can a disillusioned tenor convince an aspiring soprano that there is more to music than fame?

“Holly & Ivy” by Mary Davis

At Christmastime, a young woman accompanies her impetuous younger sister on her trip across the country to be a mail-order bride and loses her heart to a gallant stranger.

“Periwinkle in the Park” by Kathleen E. Kovach

A female hiking guide, who is helping to commission a national park, runs into conflict with a mountain man determined to keep the government off his land.

“A Beauty in a Tansy”

Two adjacent store owners are drawn to each other, but their older relatives provide obstacles to their ever becoming close.

Republished from Bouquet of Brides

Buy links: https://books2read.com/u/bOOx8K

https://www.amazon.com/Love-Bloom-Mary-Davis/dp/B0FPLFYCXR/

 

Multi-published author Suzanne Norquist has worked as a chemist, professor, financial analyst, and even earned a doctorate in economics. Everything fascinates her. Research feeds her curiosity, and she shares the adventure with her readers. She lives in New Mexico with her mining-engineer husband and takes road trips to visit her children and grandchildren. When not writing, she hangs out with her two active Siberian Huskies, takes piano lessons, and studies the Bible with the church ladies.

Faith in the Tempest: When the Storm Comes

—By Tiffany Amber Stockton

If you haven't snagged your FREE e-book copy of Magic of the Swan, join the FanTAStic Reader community and receive the book today.

August always makes me think about storms. There's something about this time of year — the heavy air, the way the light changes before a weather system moves in — that feels charged with possibility, and not always the good kind. For the communities along Virginia's Eastern Shore, August has historically been the month when everything could change overnight.

The Storm That Changed Everything

On August 23, 1933, a hurricane hit the Eastern Shore and continued battering the coast for two days. By the time it moved off, the town of Broadwater on Hog Island was practically destroyed, as were houses on Assateague. The resort on Cobb Island was totally destroyed.

Locals still call it simply "the '33 storm," and older families along the Shore speak of it the way people speak of a turning point. A before and after that reshaped everything. The storm ended what historians call the Golden Age of Virginia's barrier islands. Prior to that August, people actually lived year-round on several of these islands. After it, most never came back.

The storm produced 100-year flooding from its surge, setting records that stood for 70 years, and caused at least 47 deaths across the region. In Virginia alone, storm surge reached nearly ten feet above normal water levels in Norfolk, destroying boats in harbors and washing out roads and bridges.

A Town That Refused to Simply Disappear

Broadwater was a thriving waterman's community of about 300 people. Houses, a school, a church, a cemetery. The 1933 hurricane inundated the entire island. The pine forest that had sheltered the town for generations was killed by saltwater. The lighthouse was eventually swallowed by the sea.

But the people didn't simply walk away and leave everything behind. Many of the houses and other buildings were loaded onto barges and moved to the mainland, where they still stand today in the towns of Willis Wharf and Oyster, Virginia.

Read that again. They put their houses on barges.

These weren't people who gave up easily. They took what they had built, loaded it onto the water that had just tried to destroy them, and carried it somewhere safer. The community didn't disappear. It relocated. Schools closed. Churches emptied. Stores vanished. What had once been functioning island communities slowly became ghost landscapes of marsh grass, cedar trees, and collapsing pilings. But the people themselves, and the things they had made? Those survived.

What You Do When the Waters Rise

So, what sustained these communities through that kind of loss?

They weren't strangers to hardship. Life on a barrier island was never easy. Isolation, unpredictable weather, work that was physically grueling and economically uncertain. The storms of 1896 and then 1933 weren't the first time the sea had tested them. But the faith tradition that ran through these communities was the thing underneath everything else.

After the hurricane, immediate emergency relief was organized through local Red Cross chapters. Materials to rebuild homes, furniture, household goods, issued family by family according to need. That kind of mutual aid only happens in communities held together by something more than geography.

Psalm 46 says God is our refuge and strength, a very present help in trouble, and then immediately: "Therefore we will not fear, though the earth give way and the mountains fall into the heart of the sea." The people who wrote those words knew exactly what it felt like to watch the ground beneath them literally shift and give way. So did the watermen of Hog Island who floated their houses to safety on barges.

The Shore Remembers

One of the things that strikes me most about researching this stretch of coastline is how long the memory runs here. Along the Eastern Shore, older families still speak of the storm in ways that sound like a turning point in local history.

Formative events become part of how a community understands itself. The '33 storm is in the Eastern Shore's bones. A shared reference point for what it means to face something enormous and find a way through it anyway.

Most of us aren't going to face a hurricane that washes away our town. But we all face seasons that feel like the ground is giving way. Circumstances that seem designed to take everything we've built. When the waters rise, what do you put on the barge? What is worth carrying to the other side?

Those island folks chose their homes, their community, their faith. They started again on the mainland with the bones of the old life still intact around them. I don't know about you, but I find that more than a little inspiring.

Admiral Bertram Ramsay: The Man Behind Dunkirk

by Martha Hutchens

Photo: Lt. C. J. Ware, Royal Navy official photographer.
Imperial War Museums collection
(public domain via Wikimedia Commons).

What kind of man rescues 338,000 men—and that isn’t the highlight of his career? His name was Bertram Ramsay.

Ramsay was born in 1883 to a military family. His father, William Ramsay, served in India, where he met a young lieutenant named Winston Spencer Churchill. The senior Ramsay must have made a good impression, because later on Churchill helped Ramsay’s second son enter Sandhurst.

Bertram, who was a third son, was sent off to Britannia, a place where young men began training for the Royal Navy. And by young, I mean 13 years old.

Bertram entered training 47th out of 61 candidates. He left at nearly the same level. He wrote to his mother saying that he did not believe he would become a midshipman. In fact, he almost didn’t make it into the Navy at all. His first medical examination detected a problem with his heart. For some reason, the test was run again, and he was cleared for duty.

Bertram became a midshipman at age 16. Five years later, he’s a lieutenant, known for having high standards and not much tact. At one point, he is the lieutenant on the Albemarle, which draws up alongside HMS Queen, captained by David Beatty, who later becomes Lord Beatty. Ramsay saw something that he considered poorly done and sent the message saying, “Queen’s signalmen are a disgrace to the fleet.” Beatty is furious and demands an explanation from the admiral in charge. The admiral knows nothing about the entire situation, but promises to “look into it and deal with it.” 

Cliffs of Dover, image by 4KClips, Deposit Photos

In 1915, Ramsay is given his first ship, a small craft in the English Channel. For most of World War I, he patrols the strait that separates Dover from Dunkirk. At the time, Germany occupied Belgium, so this body of water saw a lot of action. Nearby Ostend and Zeebrugge served as major German U-boat bases.

Ramsay’s career was not always smooth. On two occasions, he bumps into another ship. His commander-in-chief, Admiral Keyes, isn’t pleased, but doesn’t seem to take any action. Later, Ramsay is put in command of several destroyers. One of them sights a submarine, and Ramsay sends all of the destroyers after it. They drop depth charges and only later learn that it is a British sub, which was fortunately not harmed. Ramsay was cleared of responsibility at a court of inquiry. His commander-in-chief, however, brought him in and demanded that he explain himself. Ramsay pointed out that if the admiral’s staff had sent information about a British sub in the area, they would not have dropped the depth charges. While probably true, this once again showed an astonishing lack of tact.

After the war, Ramsay stayed in the Royal Navy, serving in various posts. He married and had two children. In 1935, he was offered a position of Chief of Staff to the Commander-in-Chief of Home Fleet, Sir Roger Backhouse. This collaboration did not run smoothly. Backhouse did not like delegation, preferring to keep all of the decisions in his own hands. Ramsay believed in finding new talent and training it well, and then delegating to it. After a few months, Ramsay left this position. While it seemed to be an amicable resignation, rumors arose that he behaved badly. Though Backhouse spoke up for Ramsay, he was not offered another position until 1937. This was a position he did not feel he could accept.

Ramsay was put on the retired list on October 10, 1938. This is almost 40 years after he entered the Navy, and he was likely unhappy with how his career ended. Little did he know what was still ahead of him.

Shortly after this, Backhouse becomes the First Sea Lord, and he nominates Ramsay to be the flag officer at Dover if war should break out. After all, Ramsay had spent most of WWI patrolling the Dover Strait in a small, shallow-draft boat.

In August 1939, Ramsay is posted back to Dover to set up the command, just ahead of the start of the war. After decades in the Navy, Ramsay has many contacts in the military. Because of this, he hears a lot about events in France. He also knows the Dover Strait very well from his time patrolling it. He quietly began preparing for what he feared might be coming.

He tells the Admiralty to collect and organize as many shallow-draft boats as possible because he sees that Britain may one day have to take soldiers off the beaches of France. Though he has battleships and destroyers, they cannot get close enough to the shore. So when the order to evacuate came, he already had the planning in place.

Churchill and Ramsay review after action reports
image by William George Horton, public domain

On Sunday, May 26, the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk began. The original estimate was that they could rescue about 45,000 men. Ramsay sent men across the Channel to be his eyes and ears. He needed to know where the troops were, what kind of ships would work, and where not to send ships at all. The work went on for six solid days. On Sunday, June 2, Ramsay’s men in France, with classic British understatement, sent the signal:

BEF evacuated.

Ramsay thought he was done, but there were still French soldiers there. When Ramsay pointed out that his men were exhausted after six days and nights, the First Sea Lord said they had to keep going.

On Monday, June 3, 1940, Ramsay addressed his men.

“We cannot leave our Allies in the lurch, and I must call on all officers and men…to let the world see that we never let down our Ally.”

They spent one more day rescuing as many of them as they could. The final tally was 338,000 men.

Much has been written about the evacuation of Dunkirk. In fact, there is a post on Heroes, Heroines and History by Cindy Stewart about the national call to prayer over this potential disaster. You can find it here.

At the beginning, I mentioned that Dunkirk wasn't the highlight of Ramsay's career. He was just getting started. I'll tell the rest of his story next month.

One final note. Dunkirk was not the largest sea evacuation in history. If you'd like to learn about the evacuation that eclipsed Dunkirk's record, click here.

Best-selling author Martha Hutchens is a history nerd who loves nothing more than finding a new place and time to explore. She won the 2019 Golden Heart for Romance with Religious and Spiritual Elements. A former analytical chemist and retired homeschool mom, Martha occasionally finds time for knitting when writing projects allow.

Martha’s debut novel, A Steadfast Heart, is now available. You can learn more about her books and historical research at Martha Hutchens.com.

When his family legacy is on the line, rancher Drew McGraw becomes desperate for someone to tame and tutor his three children. Desperate enough to seek a mail-order bride. But when the wrong woman arrives on his doorstep, Drew balks.

Heiress Kaitlyn Montgomery runs straight from the scandal chasing her toward a fresh start on a secluded ranch. She strikes a bargain with Drew—a marriage convenient for both of them.

But the more Kaitlyn adapts to ranch life and forms a bond with Drew’s children and their enigmatic father, she realizes that this ranch is where she is meant to be. And then her past catches up with her…

Deals on Wheels - The Innovative Development of Shopping Carts

 By Mary Dodge Allen

Shopping carts... have you ever thought about how this simple invention revolutionized the chore of shopping?

Most of us take shopping carts for granted as we cruise up and down store aisles, filling them with items we need, along with additional items we find on sale - deals too good to pass up.

Shopping Cart, overflowing (Public Domain)

But what if there were only hand-held bags or baskets available to hold your items as you shopped? That's how shopping was done before the mid-1930's.

In the early days of shopping, individual stores - bakers, butchers, dry goods, produce - were staffed with clerks who stood behind a counter and retrieved items for customers - who brought their own bags or baskets to carry home their purchases.

Sylvan Goldman - Shopping Cart Inventor

Sylvan Goldman, undated photo (Public Domain)

After WWI, the grocery business began expanding, with the opening of "supermarkets" that housed many departments - baked goods, meats, dry goods, produce - under one roof. These larger stores introduced the self-service concept of shopping. 

At this time, Oklahoma native Sylvan Goldman was working in California as a grocery wholesaler. He was impressed with the self-service supermarkets that began opening up, but he saw a problem. Although many items were now available, the continued use of bags and baskets limited the number of items shoppers would buy and carry home. Shoppers didn't want to overfill them and carry around the extra weight.

Early Humpty Dumpty Super Market (Public Domain)

In 1920, Sylvan and his brother Alfred established the Humpty Dumpty chain of supermarkets in their home state of Oklahoma. Sylvan Goldman and Fred Young - an employee and mechanic - began tinkering with the idea of a wheeled cart. Their first cart design consisted of two wire baskets placed on the frame of a metal folding chair, with wheeled castors on its legs.

Goldman's First Grocery Cart (Public Domain)

The Debut that Flopped... at First

On June 4, 1937, Sylvan Goldman placed an advertisement in the Oklahoma City Times. He introduced his shopping carts with this intriguing question:

"Can you imagine winding your way through a spacious food market without having to carry a cumbersome shopping basket on your arm?"

At first, shoppers resisted this new concept. Women compared the carts to wheeled baby carriages, and one woman told Goldman, "I've pushed my last baby."

Male shoppers also saw the carts as too feminine, not something a 'manly' shopper would use.

Goldman's Brilliant Marketing Idea

Shopper using Goldman's cart (Public Domain)

Not one to be discouraged, Goldman decided to hire actors, both men and women, to walk around his store, using the carts to shop. When customers saw these attractive people using the carts, they began using them, too. In a matter of weeks, shopping carts were being used in all of Goldman's stores.

In September 1937, Goldman introduced his cart at the first Super Market Convention. He also produced a promotional film for supermarket managers across the country. His carts caught on quickly, and Goldman's Folding Carrier Company became the country's largest shopping cart manufacturer.

A 'double-decker' version of Goldman's shopping cart even appeared on the August 31, 1940 cover of the Saturday Evening Post magazine:

Aug. 31, 1940 cover photo (Public Domain)

An Innovative Competitor

In 1946, Orla Eugene Watson, a Kansas City inventor, devised a shopping cart with two innovative changes:

1 - A swinging rear gate that allowed carts to nest inside each other, saving valuable retail floor space.

2 - A unified frame and basket, which made the carts permanently stable (unlike Goldman's carts, which required assembly before every use.)

Orla E. Watson, with his carts (Public Domain)

The following year, Goldman added Watson's innovations to his cart design and applied for a patent. A legal battle followed, with Watson alleging patent infringement. Both competitors finally agreed to a satisfactory out-of-court settlement in 1949.

Shopping Carts, A Cultural Icon

Humans have been using wheeled carts throughout history. Sylvan Goldman's invention of the shopping cart was the right idea at the right time. The shopping landscape was quickly changing. Supermarkets were providing a large amount of goods under one roof, and the the growing use of cars made bulk shopping possible. What was lacking was an efficient tool to make it all work - the shopping cart.

"The wonderful thing about food is that everyone uses it, and they only use it once." 

- Sylvan Goldman

Today, nearly 25 million shopping carts are being used in all types of retail stores throughout the U.S. That's about one cart for every 13 Americans.

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Mary Dodge Allen is currently finishing her sequel to Hunt for a Hometown Killer. She's won a Christian Indie Award, an Angel Book Award, and two Royal Palm Literary Awards (Florida Writer's Association). She and her husband live in Central Florida. She is a member of American Christian Fiction Writers and Faith Hope and Love Christian Writers. 

Website: www.marydodgeallen.com

Recent release, anthology devotional: El Jireh, The God Who Provides

Mary's story, entitled: A Mother's Desperate Prayer, describes her struggle with guilt and despair after her young son is badly burned in a kitchen accident. When we are at the end of all we have, El Jireh provides what we need. 

Click the link below to purchase on Amazon:

https://www.amazon.com/El-Jireh-God-Who-Provides/dp/1963611608

Mary's novel: Hunt for a Hometown Killer won the 2022 Christian Indie Award, First Place - Mystery/Suspense; and the 2022 Angel Book Award - Mystery/Suspense.

Click the link below to buy Hunt for a Hometown Killer at Amazon.com:

Hunt For A Hometown Killer: A Novel: Allen, Mary Dodge: 9781952369704: Amazon.com: Books

Link to Mary's Spotlight Interview:   Mary Dodge Allen Author Spotlight EA Book