Battle of the Beaches

Pensacola Lighthouse, view from Pensacola Bay. Note: During the Civil War, the lighthouse was all white.

*Leave comment for chance to win copy of new book.

By Marilyn Turk

Pensacola, Florida, has been the site of several battles between countries vying over its deep-water harbor that's protected from the Gulf of Mexico by a barrier island known as Santa Rosa Island. In the late 1700’s, Spanish forces defeated British forces for control of the area. However, in the War of 1812, American forces led by Andrew Jackson fought both British, Spanish and their allies for possession of the Florida territories, ultimately winning in 1814. And in the Civil War, the battle was between the northern states and the southern states of America.

On January 10, 1861, the state of Florida seceded from the United States, making it one of the first southern states to do so. Subsequently, Confederate troops attempted to take over the army garrison stationed at Fort Barrancas, just to the west of the city of Pensacola. The Union forces managed to repel the Confederates, then sneaked out during the night by ship to Fort Pickens, a fort on Santa Rosa Island just across the Pensacola Bay.

Over the next few months, the opposing forces exchanged cannon fire sporadically. By the end of the year, over 7000 Confederate troops under the command of General Braxton Bragg were positioned on the mainland at Fort Barrancas across from 2,000 troops under Colonel Harvey Brown at Fort Pickens. In October, Bragg ordered an attack on Fort Pickens that was unsuccessful. Brown decided to retaliate and in early November, attacked Fort McRae, a Union-held fort on an exposed peninsula at the mouth of the entrance to the bay.

Fort Pickens on Santa Rosa Island today

For two days, cannons at Fort Pickens and two Union ships in the Gulf of Mexico heavily bombarded the fort, partially destroying the fortification and killing several Confederates. Fort McRee was virtually useless after the attack, but neither side conceded defeat, and Confederates remained in control of the mainland.

Confederate troops on top of Fort Barrancas.
Note lighthouse is background.

However, in May of 1862, after New Orleans fell into Union hands, the Confederate forces at Fort Barrancas and the surrounding area of Pensacola were called away to fight elsewhere, burning buildings, lumber mills and docks in their wake to prevent the Union forces from using them. 

Pensacola came under control of the Union forces where it would remain throughout the Civil War.

Looking from the top of the lighthouse today to the
peninsula where Fort McRee used to be.

Today, Fort Barrancas and the Pensacola Lighthouse are on the grounds of the Naval Air Station in Pensacola. Both are open to tourists. Fort Pickens, on Santa Rosa Island, is also open to tourists and is managed by the federal parks system. 

My newest book, Rekindled Light, is set in 1869 Pensacola when the town rebuilds after the Civil War.

The war destroyed their engagement. Misunderstandings keep them apart. Will a mysterious arsonist be the only one fanning a flame or can their love be rekindled?

https://www.amazon.com/Rekindled-Light-Coastal-Lights-Legacy-ebook/dp/B07NZWMD5V/

Marilyn Turk 

Historical fiction flavored with suspense and romance

Marilyn Turk’s roots are in the coastal South. Calling herself a “literary archaeologist,” she loves to discover stories hidden in history. She is the author of two World War II novels, and the Coastal Lights Legacy series set in 1800s Florida—Rebel Light, Revealing Light, Redeeming Light, and Rekindled Light—featuring lighthouse settings. Marilyn’s novella, The Wrong Survivor, is in the Great Lakes Lighthouse Brides collection. She also writes for the Daily Guideposts Devotions book.

Website: @http://pathwayheart.com

Email: marilynturkwriter@yahoo.com

Geronimo Goes To The Beach

Geronimo at time of capture

By Marilyn Turk (http://pathwayheart.com.)

In the wee hours of the morning on October 25, 1886, a train pulled into the station at Pensacola, Florida. By 8:30 a.m., people were lined up to view the occupants in the highly publicized event.

Onboard was the most notorious Indian ever captured by the United States Army. Geronimo, along with 14 other Apache warriors, had arrived.

Thirty soldiers stood guard over the Indians while townspeople pointed and gawked at the sight of the natives they’d read about, especially Geronimo. He’d made a laughing stock out of the US Army, avoiding capture many times, then escaping when captured. Newspaper cartoons caricatured the events happening out West which made the elusive Geronimo appear to be the victor instead of the captured.

Apaches at Fort Pickens

Meanwhile, the 62-year-old Apache with the shiny black hair, parted down the middle with a handkerchief tied around it, sat resolute, observing those who came to see him. He had finally surrendered, accepting the conditions of a handshake that guaranteed him his own land. But he and his band of warriors were sent to prison instead. Because the Army didn’t want to risk another embarrassing escape, he was sent to Fort Sam Houston in Texas, then to Florida.

The original plan was to send his entire band to Fort Marion in St. Augustine where 400 other Indians of different tribes were already being held prisoner. However, while Geronimo and his band were “quartered in four big tents” in Texas, several prominent Pensacola residents petitioned the government to have Geronimo’s group sent to Fort Pickens on nearby Santa Rosa Island instead. They pleaded the case that Fort Marion was too crowded and that Army troops from Pensacola’s Fort Barrancas could guard the prisoners in a more secluded environment. The editor of The Pensacolian newspaper noted that Geronimo would be “an attraction which will bring here a great many visitors.”

The Apaches were sent to Florida as scheduled, however, the families were divided. When the train stopped in Pensacola, the men were removed, but their wives and children in a separate rail car continued on to St. Augustine and Fort Marion.

The men were then taken to the wharf to a steamer where they were ushered aboard for the ride across the bay to the island where Fort Pickens awaited.  For most of them, their first boat ride was a frightening experience, while one “old” Indian was reported to enjoy the sight of porpoises running alongside.

Casement room where Apaches lived

At Fort Pickens the Indians lived in two open casemates with fireplaces. They slept on cots and hung netting in their quarters as protection from the mosquitoes. They were issued army rations, cooking utensils, and clothing. At Fort Sam Houston, Geronimo spent his time playing cards with the others in his band. Things were different, though, at Fort Pickens, where the captives were forced to work each day cleaning up the old fort, clearing weeds, planting grass and stacking cannonballs. Model prisoners, they hoped their willingness to cooperate would reunite them with their families.

To see the Apaches, tourists had to first obtain a pass from Colonel Langdon, who was in charge, and pay for a boat trip to the island. Groups of visitors, sometimes as many as 400 a day, took an excursion boat across the bay to see the captives. Geronimo, the “savage” whose reputation struck fear in the hearts of Western settlers, enjoyed his popularity and used it to his advantage, requesting various items from sympathetic tourists. Besides entertaining visitors, Geronimo and some of the other Apaches were sometimes displayed in town, where they charged 25 cents for their pictures and autographs.

Geronimo on the right

Public outcry over the treatment of the Indians pressured Colonel Langdon to petition his superiors for reunification with their families. As a result, on April 27, 1887, the families arrived and were housed in the officers’ quarters on the south side of the fort while single men were moved to similar rooms on the north side.

Soon the sound of women and children was heard at the fort and newspapers reported “Geronimo Happy.” In June 1887, a corn dance was held in celebration of the families’ reunion. About 300 Pensacolians attended by invitation from the Colonel.

One of Geronimo's wives and his children

Unlike at Fort Marion where many Apache prisoners died, the Apaches’ health was generally good at Fort Pickens. There was only one death during the eighteen months they were held there - She-gha, one of Geronimo’s three wives. She was buried at Barrancas National Cemetery.

The fear of yellow fever led the Army to remove the Apaches from Fort Pickens to Mount Vernon Barracks, north of Mobile, Alabama on May 12, 1888. The Apaches were moved a final time to a reservation of 50,000 acres at Fort Sill, Oklahoma in 1894. Geronimo died there in 1909, having attained fame, but never regaining his freedom or returning to his homeland. The remaining Apaches from his tribe were freed in 1913.

 

Geronimo posing for picture

.