From Function to Tradition

 by Cindy Regnier

Anybody have a nutcracker in your Christmas decorations? If you do, chances are it’s made to look like an old-fashioned soldier and that it was not made in Germany! For most people, Christmas nutcrackers that look like soldiers call to mind sugarplum fairies and trips to the ballet. Let’s dig into the fascinating history of nutcrackers.

Nuts of all varieties have always been an important component of the food supply, but opening the hard shells is not always an easy task. Excavations of early civilizations have actually revealed primitive types of nutcrackers, used whenever the teeth didn’t quite get the job done (ouch!) The first ones may have simply been pitted stones.

The oldest known nutcracker made from metal can be dated back to the 3rd or 4th century B.C. and is currently in an Italian museum. The first wooden nutcrackers were just two pieces of wood fastened together by a leather strap or metal hinge. Some iron nutcrackers date back to the 13th century and brass nutcrackers have likely existed back to the 14th and 15th centuries. They were made by hand, of course, but later on, molds were used to produce interesting shapes.

By the 16th century European woodcarvers were creating beautiful hand carved wooden nutcrackers Most were made in the likeness of animals or humans. By the 1800s, standing wooden nutcrackers looking like soldiers and kings were produced in Germany where they were called "Nussknacke”. In 1872 Wilhelm Fuchtner, known as the father of the nutcracker, made the first commercial production of nutcrackers using a lathe to create similar designs.

Apparently, no one region is responsible for the evolution of nutcrackers and design varied widely such as brass crocodiles in India; cast-iron squirrels in England; or even porcelain in northern Europe. Wood was the most common material, and it's what German woodworkers turned to in the late 17th century when they began carving the soldier nutcrackers we know today.

At first, they stood alongside carved toys and puzzles, and weren't specifically Christmas-themed, though often given as gifts, and symbolize good luck in German tradition. One popular myth, says that a wealthy farmer found the process of cracking nuts to detract from his productivity, so he offered a reward to whoever could come up with the best solution. A carpenter thought they could be sawed open and a soldier suggested shooting the nuts! Then a puppet maker won the prize by coming up with the lever-jaw theory Yep, he was onto something!. By the early 19th century, toy makers were selling nutcrackers across Europe until demand was such that that began to be produced commercially in factories.

Nutcrackers got their biggest shot of fame when Peter Tchaikovsky adapted an 1816 E.T.A Hoffman Christmas story called The Nutcracker and the Mouse King for the famous ballet, first performed in 1892. The Nutcracker became a huge hit in America where new and creative nutcracker designs began to flourish.

By the 1980s, nutcrackers had become an American Christmas tradition. Nutcrackers began showing up at bargain prices in department stores, with "Made in China" stickers. Check out where yours is from. The truly valuable ones are still from Germany.

 

My own nutcracker collection that actually belongs to my son, though he doesn’t claim it, has grown so large that I no longer get it out every year. That's part of it pictured at right (that cute little drummer boy is mine too!) How about you? Do you collect nutcrackers or some other Christmas item? I’d love to hear about it in your comments.

Scribbling in notebooks has been a habit of Cindy Regnier since she was old enough to hold a pencil. Born and raised in Kansas, she writes stories of historical Kansas, especially the Flint Hills area. Her experiences with the Flint Hills setting, her natural love for history, farming and animals, along with her interest in genealogical research give her the background and passion to write heart-fluttering historical cowboy romance.

The History Behind The Nutcracker Ballet

Patty Smith Hall here, and with Christmas coming up, I find my thoughts going back to Christmases past, especially those of my childhood and early teenage years.  Those years, while full of family reunions and fun with friends, also meant long hours at Ms Iris Hensley's ballet studio, preparing for the annual Christmas performances of The Nutcracker. For most ballet companies, these December performances bring in almost half of their yearly operating budget and for us, it was an opportunity to introduce the art of dance to school children in our area who came on field trips to watch the story of Claire and her Nutcracker Prince. But where did the story originate? What is the history behind The Nutcracker?


It started in Germany, 1816 when E.T.A. Hoffman, a writer and composer, penned a Christmas story called The Nutcracker and the Mouse King. A novelist who combined romance, fantasy and horror, Hoffman's tale of Marie(in later versions, Claire,) her nutcracker prince and their constant battle with the mouse king was darker, more sinister, more in line with of the works of Byron and Poe than the sweet Christmas confection that's presented today. In 1844, famed author Alexander Dumas streamlined Hoffman's story, and it was this version that caught the eye of choreographer Marius Petipa. Working with composer Peter Tchaikovsky, Petipa created the Sugar Plum Fairy, Mother Ginger and all the inhabitants of the Land of Sweets which were not initially in Hoffman's story.




The ballet premiered in St. Petersburg, Russia in December of 1892 on a double-bill with Tchaikovsky's newest opera and opened to mixed reviews. Over the next several decades, it would be revived--some replacing the Sugar Plum Fairy with an adult Claire (which is more in line with Hoffman's original story.) But it was not until 1944 when the San Francisco Ballet performed the full-length ballet for the first time that The Nutcracker became a holiday classic. Choreographer George Balanchine's 1954 version is considered the standard from which most ballet companies and schools around the country adapt their versions or incorporate certain parts such as the Waltz of the Flowers or Mother Ginger into their Christmas performances. 

Patty as Snow in The Nutcracker

Patty Smith Hall has been making up stories since she was forced on boring Sunday drives into the Georgia countryside when she was too young to stay home. Now she's happy to share her wild imagination and love of history with others, including her husband of 30 years, Danny, two smart and gorgeous daughters, and a yorkie that she spoils like a baby. Her latest release is The Doctor's Bride(Harlequin/Heartsong.)

The Doctor's Bride

Dr. Joshua McClain is headed west

First stop: Hillsdale, Michigan, to break the marriage contract his late mother arranged between him and Katie Clark. Years ago, Katie left him behind in Charleston. But after a train crash, he comes face-to-face with Dr. Kathleen Clark, his childhood friend all grown up.

When Josh shows up in town, claiming they're betrothed, Katie refuses to consider an arranged marriage. She'll marry for love or not at all. Besides, he's headed for Kansas Territory; her practice is here in Hillsdale. So why are they both finding it hard to break their betrothal and say goodbye?