Sharecropping in the 20th Century

When I was a kid, I was fascinated with people who just picked up everything and moved to a new town or out of state. I was in awe of anyone who went abroad … like the missionaries who came to speak at our church. Having lived in a total of three places my entire life, all within about 6-7 miles apart, I’m still intrigued by others’ ability to just pick up and go.

In farming parts of the country in the 19^th and 20^th centuries, it wasn’t unusual for families to move at the drop of a hat. I remember Mama telling me about one of her uncles who had a whole passel of kids. They’d just up and move in the middle of the night. One day they’d be there, and the next, they’d be gone. A few months later, they might show up on some other farm a few miles away. 

Cleveland, Mississippi, sharecropper with children.

1930s Farm Security Administration photograph.

Courtesy, Mississippi Department of Archives and History

This would have been in the late 1950’s, 1960’s, long before I was born. (Okay, not THAT long before… ahem!) The old tarpaper shacks they lived in wasn’t much, and they wouldn’t have had much to move, but still, I can’t imagine just piling everything in a wagon (or an old beat-up jalopy of the day) and lightin’ a shuck, at least not without a good bit of thought beforehand.

They were sharecroppers. They didn’t own any land of their own, but would agree to work for a landowner in exchange for a place to live and a share of the crops grown or some other form of payment. Cash was hard to come by, so in some cases, payment might mean a cow, horse, wagon, or simply the profit from their share of crops. If the crops failed, everybody lost… and it was going to be a hard winter. It wasn’t unusual for sharecroppers and tenants to work all year just to feed their family. And even that was in scarce supply some years.

Tenants and sharecroppers were similar, but also different. Tenants usually paid the landowner rent money, had his own tools, plows, and horses/mules. Obviously, the landowner and the tenant farmer could come to any agreement they chose, but the most common was that the tenant farmer would reap all the profit from the land he farmed, but he was also taking on all the risk, usually buying seed, feed, fertilizer, etc. on credit.

Sharecropper family on wagon in Lee County, Mississippi.

1930s Farm Security Administration photograph.

Courtesy, Mississippi Department of Archives and History

Sharecroppers might have nothing more than a few changes of clothes and a bit of furniture. They depended on the landowner to supply everything needed to farm, and they received a percentage of the profit from the crops only after the crops were sold. If the crops failed, everybody lost… and it was going to be a hard winter.

There were good, honest, and fair landowners, and there were those who preyed on the poor. There were good, honest, hardworking tenants and sharecroppers and there were those who took advantage of their employer (the landowner). It was a beautiful thing when honest, hardworking farmers paired up and became successful together.

My father was one of the most hardworking men I ever knew. He pulled himself up by his bootstraps. He started out with nothing in the fifties. Married to my mother at 18, they were young (so young!), poor, and hungry, but they were hard workers. They had a couple of good experiences and a few not so good as sharecroppers.

My parents came in on the end of the tenant/sharecropper period in Mississippi. In the mid-20^th century, landowners took advantage of new technology and began replacing tenant farmers and sharecroppers with tractors, cultivators, disks, cotton pickers, harvesters, and pesticides.

Woman and child picking cotton in Lauderdale County, Mississippi.

1930s Farm Security Administration photograph.

Courtesy, Mississippi Department of Archives and History

Yes, it was a hard life, but life was hard on most everybody back then, and they didn’t really know any different. But even as hard as it was, my parents used their skills, determination and desire to succeed to make something of themselves. By the time I was born, they’d managed to purchase 40 acres of land, were in the process of clearing it and had started a Grade “C” dairy farm with a handful of Jersey cows. A few years later, they switched to Grade “A” milk. When Daddy passed away suddenly at the young age of 54, they had a thriving dairy farm and a herd of beef cattle.

He and my mom were truly part of the American Dream, made possible by sharecropping.

So, did you move around a lot as a kid? As an adult? Any sharecroppers here? Tenant farmers?

CBA Bestselling author PAM HILLMAN was born and raised on a dairy farm in Mississippi and spent her teenage years perched on the seat of a tractor raking hay. In those days, her daddy couldn't afford two cab tractors with air conditioning and a radio, so Pam drove an Allis Chalmers 110. Even when her daddy asked her if she wanted to bale hay, she told him she didn't mind raking. Raking hay doesn't take much thought so Pam spent her time working on her tan and making up stories in her head. Now, that's the kind of life every girl should dream of. www.pamhillman.com

Mother of the Salvation Army

Catherine Booth

By Marilyn Turk

No one would have believed the shy, serious girl would ever stand up in front of a group and speak. But Catherine Booth felt God pulling her to the podium where her husband William preached.

Raised with a strong Christian upbringing, Catherine Mumford had developed strong convictions at an early age. Before she was twelve years old, she had read the Bible through eight times.

Although health problems kept her at home during her teen years, her father’s demise into alcoholism stirred her to write articles for a temperance magazine. She became an avid supporter of the national temperance society.

Her acceptance of Methodist Reformers in 1850 resulted in her expulsion by the Wesleyans. Undeterred, she led a girls’ Sunday school class for the Reformers. 

In 1851, 22-year-old Catherine heard young itinerant preacher William Booth recite a temperance poem, exciting her with his shared views.

Shy Catherine did not speak to William, however. Instead, she sent letters expressing appreciation for his beliefs. Three years of letters passed between the two before the relationship developed into marriage.

Catherine and William Booth

Catherine joined her husband in the ministry, staying in the background as most wives did. However, inspired by revivalist Phoebe Palmer, a woman whose preaching caused a great uproar, Catherine wrote a pamphlet, Female Ministry: Woman’s Right to Preach the Gospel (1859). The pamphlet conveyed three major principles - that women are neither naturally nor morally inferior to men, that there is no scriptural reason to deny them a public ministry, and that what the Bible urged, the Holy Spirit had ordained and blessed and must be justified. She complained that the “unjustifiable application” of Paul’s advice, “Let your women keep silence in the Churches,” had resulted in loss to the Church, evil to the world, and dishonor to God.

And so it was that in January 1860, following the birth of their fourth child, Catherine asked her husband if she could say a word to his congregation, a word that God had given her. William gave his approval and support, announcing that his wife would speak that night.

Catherine’s first sermon launched her preaching career. For twenty years, she and William shared a ministry as traveling evangelists, their preaching not done in established churches. Catherine’s preaching gained popularity, even in a world where women had few civil rights.

In 1865, the couple began The Christian Mission in London's East End to reach out to the poor and destitute of the city. While William preached salvation to the poor, Catherine spoke to wealthy women, gaining their financial support for the ministry.

Leaders of the established church felt threatened by the radical teaching of William and Catherine and sought to undermine their ministry. As a result, William was arrested, but Catherine carried on their work by holding meetings, preaching, and distributing food and clothing to the poor.

Many left traditional churches to join the couple’ work by helping to hand out food and going out into the streets to invite people to the services at the mission. To get attention, they often played musical instruments or sang hymns. Catherine thought the mission’s workers needed uniforms and flags to carry, so she made them. Because they resembled a small military unit, they began to be called the Salvation Army. The label may have been meant as ridicule, but Catherine adopted it, declaring “Members of the Salvation Army will fight on, waging war on poverty and injustice wherever we find it.” William became known as the army’s General.

The cause gained more support when the press recognized the good they were doing. Newspapers carried stories of Catherine Booth’s Food for the Million shops where the poor could buy a cheap meal and at Christmas, hundreds of meals were distributed to the needy.

By 1880, the Salvation Army was one of the most respected Christian groups in London, and soon expended across the ocean where it was welcomed in the United States.

Catherine passed away in 1890 at the age of 61, her husband and eight children at her side. Her death was eulogized in the newspapers with quotes from some of her famous sermons.

We are made for larger ends than Earth can encompass. Oh, let us be true to our exalted destiny.

A multi-published author, Marilyn Turk writes historical fiction about the coastal South. Her fascination for lighthouses spawned her popular weekly lighthouse blog @pathwayheart.com, and inspired her upcoming Coastal Lights Legacy series and her Lighthouse Devotions. Her novel, A Gilded Curse, releases March 2016 from Heritage Beacon Fiction, an imprint of Lighthouse Publishing of the Carolinas.

Lighthouse Devotions is a book of 52 inspiring stories about lighthouses and how they relate to God's Word and our lives. Available at amazon.com.