Normal Schools

"Wanted Immediately: A Sober diligent Schoolmaster capable of teaching READING, WRITING, ARITHMETICK, and the Latin TONGUE... Any Person qualified, and well recommended, will be put into immediate Possession of the School, on applying to the Minister of Charles Parish, York County."
The Virginia Gazette, August 20, 1772

If you’ve read historical fiction or watched Little House on the Prairie, you’ve probably heard of the term “normal school.” But what exactly is that?

Early schoolhouse. Note that some of the children are barefoot

A normal school is an institution created to train high school graduates to be teachers by educating them in the norms of curriculum and pedagogy (most commonly understood as the approach to teaching, refers to the theory and practice of learning, and how this process influences, and is influenced by, the social, political and psychological development of learners). That’s quite a mouthful. It simply means they were taught how to teach primary school. Normal schools were intended to improve the quality of the burgeoning common school system by producing more qualified teachers. 

From colonial times and into the early decades of the 19th century, most teachers were men. There were, of course, career schoolmasters, but, especially in smaller and rural schools, the people who stood in front of the classroom might well be farmers, surveyors, even innkeepers who kept school for a few months a year in their off-season. The more educated and ambitious schoolmasters were young men who made the schoolroom a stepping-stone on their way to careers in the church or the law. The connections they made with local ministers and school committees in securing teaching jobs often helped them when they moved on to their real professions.

"The grammar schoolteachers have rarely had any education beyond what they have acquired in the very schools where they have to teach. Their attainments, therefore, to say the least, are usually very moderate." 

James Carter, Education Reformer, 1826

Horace Mann

Reformers like Horace Mann had agitated to make schooling more democratic, universal and non-sectarian. But as new public schools, called Common Schools, sprang up everywhere, there simply were not enough schoolmasters to staff them. Mann and his fellow reformers like James Carter, Henry Barnard, and Catharine Beecher saw that the schools needed not only more teachers, but better teachers. Many of the most promising young men continued to be siphoned off by more prestigious professions, as well as by new industries and the lure of the western frontier. So where would the army of new teachers come from? There was, of course, another ready source of labor, if reformers could convince the public to accept it. Women were poised to take over the schoolroom.

  

The inside of a Normal Schools looks much the same as a regular school room

The first public normal school in the United States was founded in Concord, Vermont by Samuel Read Hall in 1823 to train teachers. Sixteen years after Columbian School had been founded in Vermont, the first state-funded normal school was founded in the neighboring state of Lexington, Massachusetts on the northeast corner of the historic Lexington Battle Green. It later evolved into Framingham State University, and it is recognized as the oldest, continuously operated public normal school in the United States.

Lexington School

The State normal school in New Britain was founded in 1849. It was the first training school for teachers in the state of Connecticut. The school is now Central Connecticut State University.

The first normal school west of the Appalachian Mountains in the United States was the Michigan State Normal School, now Eastern Michigan University. It was created by legislative action in 1849 and opened in Ypsilanti, Michigan.

Salem Normal School, now Salem State University, was founded in 1854 as the fourth Normal School in Massachusetts. In 1853, the General Court authorized the founding of a normal school in Essex County. Prior to the founding of the normal school, Salem women had few opportunities to receive teacher training and the Salem school system was replete with funding, attendance, and teacher compensation problems. It was assumed that by training women as teachers, they could be hired at a lower salary than male teachers, thus alleviating the city's public school budget and teacher compensation challenges.

First graduation class Kansas State Normal School

One of the first Normal Schools in the Midwest was founded In 1863, when the Kansas Legislature passed an act to establish the Kansas State Normal Schools, starting with the first in Emporai, KS, which eventually became Emporia State University Teachers College. From 1870 through 1876, Leavenworth Nornal School operated in Leavenworth, KS, and from 1874 through 1876 Concordia Normal School operated in Concordia, KS, but the "miscellaneous appropriations bill of 1876" caused Leavenworth and Concordia to close and consolidated operations at the Emporia location. Other normal schools were opened in Kansas including in 1902 the Wstern Branch of the Kansas Normal in Hays, KS, eventually becoming Fort Hays State University.

Bowie State University

In 1865, established by The Baltimore Association for the Moral and Educational Improvement of the Colored People, School #1 opened on January 9, 1865 in the African Baptist Church in Crane's Building on the corner of Calvert and Saratoga streets. In 1867, with the aid of the Freedmen's Bureau, the Quakers of England and others. The Baltimore Association purchased and renovated the Old Friends Meeting House at the corner of Saratoga and Courtland streets to house the Baltimore Normal School for Colored Teachers. The school moved to Bowie, MD in 1911, changing its name to the Maryland Normal and Industrial School at Bowie in 1914. Today, this school exists as Bowie State University.

Many other normal schools were established all across the United States and in other countries. These schools were a critical part of settling the western states in the U.S. and educating teachers, who in turn, taught a multitude of students. Maybe one of your ancestors attended normal school. If so, please tell us about him or her.

The Hand-Me-Down Husband

Vickie McDonough

Ellen aims to take her sister’s baby back to St. Louis to raise as her own. Tessa’s father isn’t about to let that happen.

Ellen Stewart despises Lance Garrett. If not for him dashing into Isabelle’s life and stealing her heart and filling her head with his dreams, her little sister would still be alive and safe at home. When Ellen receives Lance’s letter requesting help with one-year-old Tessa, she rushes to Silver Springs, intent on taking charge of her young niece. A rugged ranch in the wilds of Texas is no place for a motherless baby. But Lance may not be so willing to let his daughter go. 

Free on KU. Click here to purchase

Vickie McDonough is the CBA, EPCA and Amazon best-selling author of 50 books and novellas. Vickie grew up wanting to marry a rancher, but instead, she married a computer geek who is scared of horses. She now lives out her dreams penning romance stories about ranchers, cowboys, lawmen, and others living in the Old West. Vickie’s books have won numerous awards including the Booksellers Best and the Inspirational Readers’ Choice awards. When she’s not writing, Vickie enjoys reading, doing stained-glass projects, gardening, watching movies, and traveling. To learn more about Vickie’s books or to sign up for her newsletter, visit her website: www.vickiemcdonough.com

Textbooks for a Growing Country: McGuffey's Eclectic Readers

When I began homeschooling my children many moons ago, I attended a conference where a man spoke about a traditional back-to-basics curriculum for children. His name was George Mott and he’d begun a company which published facsimile versions of the original McGuffey’s Readers series, like those straight from the teacher’s desk of a 19th-century American one-room schoolhouse. He also published Ray’s Arithmetic, Harvey’s Grammar, and Spencerian Penmanship. He wanted to help parents reclaim a higher rate of literacy for their children while teaching the “three Rs” from morally-based textbooks. Mott Media was less than an hour’s drive from my house and I gladly went there to shop for some of my books.

William Holmes McGuffey {PD}

I was charmed by McGuffey’s Eclectic Readers, their phonetical method of teaching reading, the old-fashioned pictures, and moral tales. These books had their foundations when they were written by educator, William Holmes McGuffey, in 1835 who’d been ordained to be a Presbyterian minister, in 1829. He was born in 1800 in Pennsylvania. When he was just a tot, his family moved farther west to Ohio, which was considered frontier at the time. 

McGuffey’s family had strong religious convictions and valued education, Though he attended a public school, he received private tutoring in Latin from a local minister. 

By the time William was fourteen, he was a traveling teacher to frontier schools. After he graduated from Washington College in 1826 he took a position as a professor of languages at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. He was also known as a lecturer on Biblical and moral topics and values.

William McGuffey's home in Oxford, Ohio {PD}
(by Nysstand, 2010)

The United States was growing as the frontier moved west and needed standardized American textbooks. Publisher Winthrop S. Smith of Cincinnati sought out the talents of author Harriet Beecher Stowe, who was also a teacher. While she wasn’t interested in taking on the project, she recommended her friend, William McGuffey for the job as he already had an interest in accomplishing this.

Since the 18th century, textbooks were predominantly produced in New England. Their traditional textbooks reflected older words and writings, but with western expansion and immigration from foreign countries, there was a new need for textbooks that taught a newer standardized English along with American culture and values.

Cover of McGuffey's First Eclectic Reader, 1841 {PD}

McGuffey took on the project with Smith offering him a ten percent royalty from the profits, not to exceed $1000. (Methinks the author got the short end of the stick here.) The first two readers of the series were compiled within a year of his signing the contract. By 1837 the third and fourth readers in the series were also written. His brother, Alexander, wrote the fifth and sixth volumes. 

Schools mostly used the first and second readers. McGuffey’s First Eclectic Reader introduced more difficult words and sentences than the less popular primer which was eventually pulled from publication. And as a child was presented with lessons from the second reader, the stories grew more complex.

Mott Media 1836 version, published in 1982

William McGuffey had developed the content of his readers with the help of local children, including his own, as his research subjects. The third and fourth readers included excerpts from Lord Byron, William Shakespeare, Washington Irving, and Thomas Jefferson. 

What began as a rhetorical guide became the fifth and sixth readers, advanced material which included selections from the Bible, Charles Dickens, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. These volumes also covered topics from a wide range of subjects as well as lessons in elocution. 

A story in McGuffey's First Eclectic Reader.

McGuffey’s Readers helped set the standard for the appropriate behavior for a successful and healthy society. The stories in the readers were intended to teach not just moral standards but the growth of character as well. While the New England Primer of the 18th-century used a “hellfire and brimstone” approach to teaching morality, McGuffey’s had a distinct Calvinistic flavor and taught children of the immediate consequences possible from wrong behavior. 

William H. McGuffey married and had five children. He loved to spend time with children and was said to have a good sense of humor. He went on to a successful academic career with several institutions. Through the Civil War and after he generously gave to the poor and to African-Americans. He died in 1873.

"Story About King Solomon" in McGuffey's Second Eclectic Reader.

In 1879, the legacy of McGuffey’s Eclectic Readers was changed by the publisher due to the desire for unity in an increasingly pluralistic society. Gone was anything that smacked of Calvinistic beliefs and theology. 

Yet still today, homeschools and Christian schools across the United States still value the original versions carefully written by William H. McGuffey and his brother, Alexander. For them, including good morals, Biblical character, and a little piety go a long way in helping to complete their children's education.

Kathleen Rouser is the multi-published author of the 2017 Bookvana Award winner, Rumors and Promises, her first novel about the people of fictional Stone Creek, Michigan, and its sequel, Secrets and Wishes. She is a longtime member in good standing of American Christian Fiction Writers. Kathleen wanted to be a writer before she could even read. She longs to create characters who resonate with readers and realize the need for a transforming Savior in their everyday lives. She lives in Michigan with her hero and husband of thirty-some years, and the sassy tail-less cat who found a home in their empty nest. Connect with Kathleen on her website at kathleenrouser.com, on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/kathleenerouser/, and on Twitter @KathleenRouser.

The Last Memory in The Great Lakes Lighthouse Brides Collection

Lighthouses have long been the symbol of salvation, warning sailors

away from dangerous rocks and shallow waters.

Along the Great Lakes, America’s inland seas, lighthouses played a vital role in the growth of the nation. They shepherded settlers traveling by water to places that had no roads. These beacons of light required constant tending even in remote and often dangerous places. Brave men and women battled the elements and loneliness to keep the lights shining. Their sacrifice kept goods and immigrants moving. Seven romances set between 1883 and 1911 bring hope to these lonely keepers and love to weary hearts.

The Last Memory by Kathleen Rouser
1899—Mackinac Point Lighthouse
Natalie Brooks loses her past to amnesia, and Cal Waterson, the lighthouse keeper who rescues her, didn’t bargain on risking his heart—when her past might change everything.