By Nancy Moser
Last time I posted, I wrote about the Middleton family who
owned the plantation called Middleton Place near Charleston, South
Carolina. Today I’d like to share
information about the slaves who lived there, who labored to build, maintain, grow
and harvest the crops that provided the revenue to let the plantation survive
for hundreds of years.
In the years between the Civil War of the 1860’s and the
1970’s when the plantation was opened to the public, the issue of slavery was
an awkward subject. It’s hard to admit
that ancestors were a part of such a despicable institution. It was the elephant in the room. Yet many
slave descendants still live in the area.
It’s hard to know all the facts because there are few
written records created by slaves, and even oral history is marginal. Yet here’s the main fact: In the late 1600’s Edward Middleton and his
brother began a legacy of owning up to 25 plantations in South Carolina
encompassing 63,000 acres! How could
they possibly do the work to run these properties? By owning 3500 slaves.
Rice was the main crop in these low-lying lands, and the
Middletons perfected the process. In 1698
they exported 12,000# of rice, by 1730 they were exporting 18 million pounds,
and by 1770 the number had risen to 83 million!
I will share how rice was planted and harvested in an upcoming blog.
The Middleton plantation was also in the timber business,
dealing with its byproducts of pitch, turpentine, and tar. They also made blue dye out of indigo and
raised cattle.
Where did the Middletons get their slaves? The slave trade was going strong in Western
Africa even in the 1400’s, but as the Americas were populated by Europeans, the
need for laborers grew. Slavery
boomed. Yet slavery was a part of
African life even before the Europeans got there. Tribes would steal people from enemy tribes,
enslaving them. Yet that was obviously
different than the European slave-trade that took people away from their
families and homeland, relocating them across the world.
Yet the European slave traders did their business by trading
with African rules, goods for slaves. In
the trade the rulers got white sugar, alcohol, iron, copper, and brass objects,
carpets, spices, fish hooks, needles, and pins.
And guns. The European slavers
got the rulers’ enemies who’d been captured in battle, along with ivory, gold,
and animal hides. The African rulers
brought their people-commodity to the coasts.
Rarely did the European slavers have to go inland to get slaves.
The journey of the
slaves was long and miserable. When they were captured by the rival tribe, the
rulers would take them to coastal forts to await the European traders. Then
they were tightly packed onto ships for the “Middle Passage” across the Atlantic
which could take from 4 weeks to 4 months. They were fed, but the food was of poor
quality. Fresh water became scarce. The slaves were forced to exercise, but there
was no sanitation so disease spread. There
were many suicides.
The sugar plantations in Brazil were the largest market for
slaves, taking 35% (almost 4 million). Other slaves would go to the West
Indies, and then to North America. Sixty-percent were dispersed among the
Caribbean islands (5.8 million) and 5% (500,000) continued on to North
America. Charleston was the main port of
entry. Add all these numbers up and you
have 10.3 million slaves! By the time
the direct importation of slaves from Africa was made illegal (in the 19th
century) most slaves traded were born in the Caribbean or in North
America. They were many generations away
from their African roots.
South Carolina plantation owners had their preferences as to
the origin of the slaves they purchased.
Slaves from Upper Guinea brought the highest price because they had
knowledge of rice cultivation and livestock. But Calabars, Whydah, Ibo, Bonny from Bights
of Benin, and Biafrans were small and slender, “recalcitrant” and had a “tendency
to suicide.” Thomas Middleton imported and sold slaves.
In South Carolina the slaves had to adapt to their new
circumstances or die. To preserve their
identities and their tribal traditions they created the Cullah-Geechee culture.
Slave clothing was distributed in December and though cloth
was loomed at Middleton, some of the cloth was bought and then made into
clothes on-site. Shoes, handkerchiefs,
and hats were factory made. Fancy livery
uniforms were made by tailors in Charleston. Coachmen wore the livery and often
spread news (back and forth) between the plantations and Charleston.
Rice was the main food and recipes for African pilafs and
gumbos were introduced to the Middletons by their slaves and soon became staple
Southern dishes. Other foods brought
from Africa were yams, okra, field peas, millet, and peanuts. There’s a letter from a Middleton daughter
who was living in Philadelphia, asking about a slave recipe: “Pray, dear Mama, send me . . . a receipt for
making Pillaw [pilaf] in which Peter [the Middleton cook] excels I think—and which
nobody understands here.”
At Middleton Place (and elsewhere) there was a “task system”
where each slave was assigned a task—similar to being given a quota for a
particular job—and once they’d accomplished that task, their time was their
own. During their free time they could plant
private gardens, hunt, fish, and have family and social time. Some of the tasks were Hoeing Rice—1/2 acre,
or Cutting Wood—1 cord, or Mortising Posts: 60 posts.
The slaves brought medicinal knowledge with them, mixing
herbs into “physicks”. These potions
were often embraced by the white families.
The slaves made these concoctions in small clay pots, which were broke
after using once. Three-thousand shards
of such pots were found in Middleton Place in the 1970’s. Similar pots were also used for food, and
were called Colonoware.
Although the slaves brought their idols and rituals with
them, in later generations Christianity was embraced, or a mixture of religious
beliefs and traditions. On Sundays services
were attended in the chapel.
Carolina law did not recognize slave marriages,
but at the Middleton plantations, they were recognized and celebrated. The
Middletons wanted their slaves to marry, for a married slave was less likely to
run away. Sometimes they would marry
between plantations, with each spouse living on their own plantation. The
husband was allowed to occasionally visit.
Any children born became the property of the wife’s plantation. Weddings were big celebrations at Middleton
Place with feasts of foods supplied by master and prepared by slave cooks. The slaves at Middleton Place often got three
days off at Christmas, a free day after hoeing the rice field or plowing, and
after harvest.
Most slaves at Middleton were field hands—strong men and
women. In the early days, fields had to
be cleared of timber and the land made ready for the planting of rice, which is
a very labor-intensive crop. As was
representative of the way things were done in Africa (in all civilizations) where
tasks were divided by age and gender.
Men cleared the fields, women sowed the seed, cultivated the plants, and
harvested them. And children shooed away
birds from the seeds.
The slaves had to develop many skills as the
plantations tried to be as self-sufficient as possible: carpenters,
brick-layers (bricks were made on-site), engineers, coachmen, gardeners,
seamstresses, and cooks to name a few. Most slaves combined old African ways
with American methods. Schooners from Middleton would go up and down the Ashley
River taking and bringing goods to other plantations and to town. These
schooners were manned by slaves and even captained by slaves. Slave labor built
the Middleton Place homes and other buildings. Slaves developed their specialty
talents that were often subbed out to other plantations. Many took pride in
their skills and their work.
The lush gardens and ponds at Middleton Place were
created by slave labor, with exotic plants grown in the greenhouse, and the
terraces and formal gardens toiled and tended. House servants included house “wenches”
(maids), cooks, seamstresses, a barber/doctor, hairdressers, and house servants
who served like a butler and housekeeper.
It’s interesting to note that in a 1793 estate inventory, a slave
Daphne, who was a seamstress, is listed as being worth 5£ more than her husband,
the house’s steward/barber/doctor. Having
a talent had its advantages, as the slaves were able to feel some satisfaction
in using their skills, not just laboring.
Another problem for the master was too many slaves
with not enough to do. In such a case, Henry Middleton moved some of his slaves
from Middleton Place to one of his other plantations. There are some interesting notations by Henry
in 1779 for slaves moved from South Carolina to Georgia and East Florida: “Wanney:
Gone with the Hessians to York”, “Pompey: Gone to back part of So
Carolina”, “Will: Used to stay with Miss
MacIntosh”, and “Buck: Died at the lines in Charleston”, along with various
mentions of death due to small pox. 
The Middletons also had a home in Charleston (16
miles away). Henry Middleton was the governor
of South Carolina and took house slaves with him to Charleston. When the family traveled away from both
homes, the domestic slaves staying at the Charleston house could be hired out
for special dinners and such. Law said
they had to wear a metal badge that said SERVANT and specified the work they
could perform. These badges cost between
$2 and $7. The master took the money,
but often gave a portion to the slave.
Rarely masters gave the slaves all the money.
What happened with slaves that were too young or
too old to work? They were often
assigned tasks that would support the other workers. They took care of the slave children, and
made meals for the workers that were taken out to the fields.
Perhaps the hardest job on the plantation—not
physically, but emotionally—was that of being a “Driver”. When I first saw this
term I thought they meant a coach-driver.
But no, it’s a slave-driver, the slave whose job it was to oversee the
work. These were men with administrative
skills. They needed to be leaders, who
were strong, smart, and able to motivate others. They were not the same as the overseer—who was
white. But they were the middle-man
between master and overseer, and the slaves.
They were both respected and feared.
And the hard task of punishment was passed to them—usually whipping. The only person feared more was the white
overseer. The Driver was trusted by the master, yet not completely since he was
one of “them.”
How did slaves rebel? They slowed down their work. But with the task-system this often backfired
as they needed to get done a certain amount of work in the day and slowing it
down gave them less free time.
At Middleton Place, in “Eliza’s cabin”—the cabin
used after the Civil War by a freed slave—is open to visit. There you can see a list of the slaves of the
Middletons, divided by plantation and years, listing their names, often their
ages, their skill, and what they were worth.
Included is a list of six escaped slaves in the mid-18th
century, listing the reward for their capture.
Studying the lists the most expensive slave was Carolina, worth 200£
with most men listed at about 100£ except for Sam who was worth 150. Most women were worth between 30 and
100. Smaller sums (10 and 15£) probably
were children. In 1815, the driver July
was listed as worth $1000, and in 1846 “ole Tyra” had a worth of zero.
Skills are listed:
“John: A very fine bricklayer”, “Die
his Wife a Washer ill in Bed.”, “John Baptist, Bricklayer (old Fellow)” “Mary,
House wench & Pastry Cook”, and under “Beck, seamstress” was this
notation: “Her son Insane supposed to be
rather an encumbrance” had a listed worth of zero.
Although these lists are disturbing because they
reveal the bold existence of slavery, the lists also give names to all the
anonymous slaves, making them real. And I
love some of the names: Quash, Doll,
Superannuat’d , Cuffy,, Die, Amerinthia, Seipio, Rhynah, Mingo, Shallow, Quaco
, Big Rhina, Walney.
During times of war slaves were used for the Cause.
In the Revolutionary War they were used to build fortified earth works around
Charleston (both sides used them). Some escaped and joined Hessian regiments,
where they were known as the Black Loyalists.
After the war they were evacuated to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick as
freemen. In the Civil War the
Confederates used slaves to repair railroads and make Charleston
fortifications.
 |
Born a slave, Annette Mays lived as a freewoman
at Middleton Place until the 1930's. |
Though the slaves adjusted, they obviously wanted
to be free. Once they were on the
plantations, many tried to escape, which forced a South Carolina law that
stated no slave could be away from the plantation without being accompanied by
a white man, or unless he wore livery (meaning they were a coachman.) If
runaways were caught they were punished by their owners or sent to the “Sugar
house”, Charleston’s workhouse. Owners
would put announcements of runaways in the newspapers, with detailed
descriptions and listing the reward offered.
Here is an ad by Henry Middleton in 1753: “Runaway . . .a negro fellow named Prince,
who is a shoemaker by trade, & is well known in Charles Town having been
formerly a drummer to one of the companies of the regiment.” Another ad from 1761: “…shoulders, the scar of which is still
visible. Another is a middle-sized
fellow, of a yellowish complexion, much marked in the face with his country
marks. The last fellow answers to the
name of Scipio, the short fellow is named Will, & the other Jacob. They had on white negro-cloth jackets &
breeches, & caps of the same & carried with them their blankets &
an axe…”
Some slaves were set free by the Middletons. Henry Middleton set free his slave Caesar
upon his death in 1784. Here is a quote
from Henry’s will: “I manumit & forever
set free my Servant Caesar, and as a Testimony of his former good Conduct I
direct my Executors to place out on Loan one thousand Pounds Currency and pay
him annually the Interest thereof during his Life…”
The Middleton plantations were occupied by Union
forces in the early days of the Civil War.
Slaves were known as “contraband” and were encouraged to join the U.S. Army. Charleston fell to Union forces on February
17, 1865. Many of the Middleton slaves
rejoiced and asked to go with the Union soldiers.
Middleton Place was burned by Union soldiers, and
many of the slaves were loaded onto schooners and flats and went to Charleston.
After the war, some returned to Middleton and worked on the plantation as free
men, for payment of housing and a token wage. Others in Charleston got jobs and
raised families. Times were hard and there
was much to rebuild, but the economy had been forever compromised. There was no way to plant and harvest rice
without slave labor, so the plantation faltered as it tried to adjust to the
post-war world. Williams Middleton
attempted to mine phosphate, and many former slaves worked for him, but that
work was almost more grueling that field work and the business failed.
Middleton Place fell into disrepair until Mr. and
Mrs. J.J. Pringle Smith (descendants of the Middleton family) took it over in
the 1920’s. The once manicured lawns and
gardens were overgrown and the entire place in need of repair. Mrs. Pringle Smith worked tirelessly to reclaim
the gardens. Many descendants of slaves
worked for the Smiths in the house and gardens.
In 2006 there was a reunion of people with ties to
Middleton Place—black and white. Three
hundred people attended. Middleton descendent
Mason Smith said it was “good to be together with others from whom we had
traditionally been separated by law and custom.” After the 3-day event, one of the Middleton
Place Foundation trustees said, “How could we ever take Middleton Place family
reunion back to Euro-American only? We
have leapt over to a new place with a new momentum and new life. We have affirmed a larger family, and
established a Place to Begin—indeed.”
For more information I highly recommend visiting
Middleton Place (see my blog post here.)
Also informational is the book Beyondthe Fields, Slavery at Middleton Place.
NANCY MOSER is the best-selling author of 25 novels, including Love of the Summerfields, Christy Award winner, Time Lottery; Washington’s Lady, Mozart’s Sister, The Journey of Josephine Cain, and Masquerade. Nancy has been married for forty years—to the same man. They have three grown children and five grandchildren, and live in the Midwest. She’s earned a degree in architecture; run a business with her husband; traveled extensively in Europe; and has performed in various theatres and choirs. She knits voraciously, kills all her houseplants, and can wire an electrical fixture without getting shocked. She is a fan of anything antique—humans included. Author Website, Footnotes from History Blog, Author Blog/Inspirational humor, Pinterest, Facebook, Twitter, Good Reads
Read my latest book Love of the Summerfields: 1880 England. The lives and loves of manor and village intertwine. Earl and shopkeeper, countess and clerk—all will be stunned and transformed by a secret that begs to be revealed. When the Weston family returns to Summerfield Manor at the close of the London social season, both village and manor relax into their normal existence. But for four women, turmoil awaits. Each must battle the restrictions of her position as her faith and character are tested. Each will have a choice to make between her own happiness and a truth that will turn their carefully-ordered world upside down.
