Tennessee's Oldest Railroad

By Michelle Shocklee

I love trains!

I love to hear them toot-tooting their horns at a crossing a short distance from my house. I love watching as boxcars, tank cars, and passengers cars fly past, clickity-clacking over the tracks. One of my fondest childhood memories is counting trains and boxcars on road trips to my grandmother's house in eastern New Mexico. My uncle worked for the railroad in Clovis, and he often let us kids prowl around inside those enormous, rumbling engines. Man, those were fun times! 

I can practically hear this Santa Fe train clickity-clacking!
Photo from Google

While researching my latest release, Count the Nights by Stars, I had to read up on the history of Tennessee's oldest railroad, the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis. Why? A couple reasons. One, it was the railroad that serviced Nashville in 1897, the year the Tennessee Centennial Exposition took place, which just so happens to be the setting for my novel. Tens of thousands of visitors arrived on the NC&StL over the six-month period the expo was open. But I also needed the father of our heroine, Priscilla, to be a wealthy businessman, and railroad moguls like Cornelius Vanderbilt and others had a lot of power in those days. It also allowed her father to be involved in the exposition, specifically with the Railway Exhibit.

 

This gorgeous NC&StL steam engine resided in Centennial Park until the 1980s.
Photo: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Bubba73

Here are a few of the interesting things I learned about the NC&StL:

• The railroad began as the Nashville & Chattanooga. It was founded in 1848 by a group of wealthy Nashville businessmen, including Vernon K. Stevenson. Stevenson would serve as the N&C president for 16 years. (In my book, Priscilla's father is friends with the president of the railroad.)
• The first locomotive in Nashville arrived in December 1850 via the river steamboat Beauty, along with 13 freight cars and one passenger car. 
• The train made its first trip the following spring, traveling 11 miles to Antioch, Tennessee. Antioch is now a Nashville suburb. 
• It took nine years to complete the 150 miles of line between Nashville and Chattanooga, made difficult by the steep elevations of the Highland Rim and Cumberland Plateau between them. The 2,228 feet Cowan Tunnel near the town of Cowan was considered an engineering marvel at the time.
• Towns sprang up during the construction period of the railroad, including Tullahoma and Estill Springs. (HINT: I just *might* be working on a new novel set in Tullahoma, so this is an especially cool tidbit of info to me!)
• During the Civil War, the rail line was strategic to both the Union and Confederate armies. The Tennessee campaigns of 1862 and 1863 saw Union troops force the Confederates from Nashville all the way to Chattanooga, down the line of the railroad.
• After the war, the railroad changed hands several times. In 1873, it was incorporated as the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis, but...
• The tracks never actually made it all the way north to St. Louis. 
• By 1903, the NC&StL covered much of Tennessee. 

NC&StL system map, 1903

Today, the NC&StL no longer exists. It has long been incorporated into other railroads. But here in Nashville, its history lives on in Union Station, a beautiful railroad station that welcomed trains from the 1800s through 1979. Inside the station, which is now a boutique hotel, a train schedule reminds us of bygone days when people traveled across our state and nation on trains with names like The Dixie Flyer, The City of Memphis, and The Carolina Special. 

NC&StL train schedule in Union Station Hotel, Nashville, TN
Photo from Google

Your turn: Have you ever traveled on a train? Tell me about it!

Michelle Shocklee is the author of several historical novels, including Under the Tulip Tree, a Christy Awards and Selah Awards finalist. Her work has been included in numerous Chicken Soup for the Soul books, magazines, and blogs. Married to her college sweetheart and the mother of two grown sons, she makes her home in Tennessee, not far from the historical sites she writes about. Visit her online at www.MichelleShocklee.com

               COUNT THE NIGHTS BY STARS

*A 2023 Christianity Today Book of the Year Finalist*

1961. After a longtime resident at Nashville’s historic Maxwell House Hotel suffers a debilitating stroke, Audrey Whitfield is tasked with cleaning out the reclusive woman’s room. There, she discovers an elaborate scrapbook filled with memorabilia from the Tennessee Centennial Exposition. Love notes on the backs of unmailed postcards inside capture Audrey’s imagination with hints of a forbidden romance . . . and troubling revelations about the disappearance of young women at the exposition. Audrey enlists the help of a handsome hotel guest as she tracks down clues and information about the mysterious “Peaches” and her regrets over one fateful day, nearly sixty-five years earlier.
https://www.tyndale.com/p/count-the-nights-by-stars/9781496459930

"The Dean of Advertising Men"--Earnest Elmo Calkins and His Leading Lady, Phoebe Snow

At the turn of the 20th Century, advertising would take a new and fast track. Under the pioneering practices of a deaf man who almost didn't graduate college, the world was introduced to graphic design like it had never seen before.

Earnest Elmo Calkins was the son of a lawyer, and a very strict Baptist mother who forbade him to read. Young Earnest found books a solace, especially after a childhood bout with measles left him almost completely deaf. Verbal communication would prove a lifelong challenge, but he excelled at writing, which is doubtlessly the reason he was able to graduate from Knox College in 1891 after lectures he couldn't hear threatened to sink him.

His first taste of work was in typesetting, and he developed a love for and creativity with font usage. He entered an advertisement contest and won, leading to a job in New York City as a copy writer for a printing firm. After a few bumpy years, his career hit stride when he joined up with the Manhattan ad firm of Charles Austin Bates, one of the judges in the contest he'd won. Along with copywriting, he experimented with typography and design. He was drawn to visual strategies to incorporate and strengthen advertisement messages.

By 1902 he had his own ad agency partnering with one of Bates' other employees who specialized in securing marketing accounts, while he designed ad campaigns. Together they literally wrote the book on modern advertising.

One of his best known campaigns was for the Lackawanna Railroad company in 1900. Incorporating a fictional character, Miss Phoebe Snow, and developing a running story around her travels, he achieved several firsts in advertising:

• using a model in ads--Phoebe's character was drawn based on a live model 
• incorporating illustrators and artwork--Calkins organized the first juried advertising art show
• the "soft sell"--creating an almost subconscious awareness of a need or desire for a product
• "consumer engineering"--creating a need based on clever advertisement
• "planned obsolescence"--replacing a perfectly good object because it is considered outmoded
• and finally, developing a fictional character in an ongoing ad campaign.

The character Phoebe Snow was an ingenious way of presenting the solution to a very real problem for rail travel at the time. Coal locomotives held the dubious distinction of coating travelers with their soot.  The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, however, had an advantage that Calkins illustrated with advertising genius--Anthracite coal. Anthracite, which the rail line had vast access to, burned clean--clean enough that the well traveled New York socialite Phoebe Snow could go all the way to Buffalo with her snow white attire and trademark violet corsage unspoiled.

Each new promotion ran with rhyming and catchy ad copy. Read the first campaign ad:

Says Phoebe Snow
about to go

upon a trip to Buffalo

"My gown stays white

from morn till night

Upon the Road of Anthracite"

Early Elmira

Phoebe and her railroad success would have gone on unhindered except for WWI, when all anthracite was needed for the war effort. But In later years, The Lackawanna Railroad brought her back when it named its premier passenger line after this beautiful fictional character.
This has particular interest to me, as an artist, married to a graphic designer, and a lifelong resident of Elmira, NY. Elmira was a rail town for over a hundred years, and Phoebe Snow plays a nostalgic part of its history.



Kathleen L. Maher has had an infatuation with books and fictional heroes ever since her preschool crush, Peter Rabbit. She has a novella in BARBOUR's 2018 Victorian Christmas Brides collection, featuring her hometown of Elmira, New York. She won the 2012 ACFW Genesis contest for her Civil War historical romance, releasing this summer under a new title The Abolitionist’s Daughter. Her debut historical, Bachelor Buttons, blends her Irish heritage and love of New York history.  Kathleen shares an old farmhouse in upstate New York with her husband, children, and a small zoo of rescued animals. 

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