Freedom on Two Wheels — By Suzanne Norquist

 Long summer days of my youth in the 1970s were spent riding up and down the dirt roads of our neighborhood on bicycles with friends. My bike had a banana seat, a plastic wicker basket, pink tassels, and a bell.

Only one hundred years earlier, bicycles were expensive and required the athleticism of a gymnast. Where did these handy, human-powered vehicles come from anyway?

Some of the history is fuzzy, but it seems to have all started around 1817 when a German baron named Karl Von Drais invented a running machine. It was known by many names, including swiftwalker, velocipede, hobby horse, draisine, and dandy horse.

Food shortages for people and animals followed the Year Without a Summer (1816), caused by a volcanic eruption. Many couldn’t afford to keep horses and found themselves without transportation.

Von Drais mounted a seat between two wheels. The rider would move his feet in a running motion, propelling the vehicle. There were no pedals or brakes. It required less effort than walking and didn’t require a horse. However, it was difficult and somewhat dangerous to ride.

London society experienced a dandy-horse craze in the summer of 1819 when many wealthy young men of the regency purchased them. The use of these devices wore out the riders’ boots surprisingly quickly. It wasn’t long, however, before they were banned from sidewalks and many roads, probably due to accidents.

The first true bicycle, known as the velocipede, came about in the early 1860’s. French inventors Pierre Lallement, Pierre Michaux, and Ernest Michaux are credited with attaching pedals to the front wheel. However, others claim this invention as well. Brakes hadn’t been added yet, creating the opportunity for accidents.

These heavy, stiff contraptions were also known as boneshakers. They didn’t have any shock absorption, and the roads were rough.

With the pedals on the front wheel, it wasn't easy to gain any speed. So, why not make the wheel bigger to give more movement with each turn? Several inventors used this idea. The new bicycle was known as the penny-farthing, the front wheel representing the larger penny and the back representing the smaller British farthing. The small back wheel was for balance. The rider sat high off the ground. Notice the seat in the picture below is near his shoulder. They were still called boneshakers because they were still very stiff.

These bicycles kicked off the velocipede craze in the United States in 1869. Carriage makers manufactured the devices and couldn’t keep up with demand. Velocipede schools and rinks popped up everywhere.

Only the very athletic could master these devices. An article in the Boulder County Pioneer, Boulder, Colorado, March 17, 1869 says,

Young Hobbles has been going to a Velocipede school and has had a rough time of it with the fiery bicycle. He has sprained his ankle twice, dislocated his shoulder, and raised several bumps not set down in the phrenological chart. (on his head)

Such things will happen to beginners.

But when you do understand the Velocipede, nothing is easier.

Even with that kind of terrifying learning experience, people kept riding. Here is an 1879 advertisement.

One hundred miles in seven hours? I can’t imagine sitting on that tiny elevated seat for seven hours. Yet, Englishman Thomas Stevens rode one of these around the world.

Riders competed against horses. Horses were faster in the short run, but bicycle riders could go longer at high speeds.

Of course, horses didn’t get along with bicycles. Several laws attempted to keep cyclists off the roads where they might frighten the animals. As with today's protestors, riders took to the streets anyway, got arrested, and took their cases to higher courts.

A couple of key developments moved bicycles from the realm of enthusiasts to that of the everyday man. The first was the creation of the safety bicycle. In 1885, Englishman John Kemp Starley designed a bike with two wheels of the same size and a chain drive. This eliminated the problem of riding so high up in the air.

Then, around 1890, the pneumatic tire was developed, creating a smoother ride—no more boneshaker. Patent applications for bicycle-related inventions took off. The US patent office had to develop a new division for them.

The time from the early 1890s to the 1950s is considered the Golden Age of Bicycles. Developments steadily improved them.

Around 1920, the kids’ bike was invented. More adults were driving automobiles, but there was still a market for kids. In the 1930s, Schwinn added a fat tire for teenage boys. This was the precursor to mountain bikes.

Troops used bicycles in World War II. There were bicycle infantry troops. And US planes would drop bikes for soldiers to use, often called “bomber bikes.”

Perhaps most important of all, in 1963, Schwinn introduced a bike with a banana seat and high-rise handlebars, giving me and my friends freedom to ride around the neighborhood.

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”Mending Sarah’s Heart” in the Thimbles and Threads Collection

Four historical romances celebrating the arts of sewing and quilting.

Mending Sarah’s Heart by Suzanne Norquist

Rockledge, Colorado, 1884

Sarah seeks a quiet life as a seamstress. She doesn’t need anyone, especially her dead husband’s partner. If only the Emporium of Fashion would stop stealing her customers, and the local hoodlums would leave her sons alone. When she rejects her husband’s share of the mine, his partner Jack seeks to serve her through other means. But will his efforts only push her further away?

 

Suzanne Norquist is the author of two novellas, “A Song for Rose” in A Bouquet of Brides Collection and “Mending Sarah’s Heart” in the Thimbles and Threads Collection. Everything fascinates her. She has worked as a chemist, professor, financial analyst, and even earned a doctorate in economics. Research feeds her curiosity, and she shares the adventure with her readers. She lives in New Mexico with her mining engineer husband and has two grown children. When not writing, she explores the mountains, hikes, and attends kickboxing class.

 

The Year Without A Summer

By Suzanne Norquist

Last month, I wrote about the Little Ice Age, a period of about 500 years from the 1300s to the 1800s with colder-than-normal temperatures through most of the northern hemisphere.

The “Year Without a Summer” refers to 1816, near the end of the Little Ice Age, when summer failed to arrive in the Eastern United States and most of Europe. Snow and freezing temperatures dominated the months of June, July, and August. Southern states also experienced unseasonably cold temperatures. China and India suffered from monsoons and the resulting floods.

This was before weather forecasts and atmospheric models. No one knew how long the cold would last. When crops froze, people tried to replant that summer only to have them freeze again. For all they knew, the winter could last for many years.

In 1815, Mount Tambora erupted in Indonesia, spewing ash into the atmosphere. It was the largest eruption in over one thousand years. This was after three years of significant volcanic activity worldwide. A fine layer of ash blocked the sun, lowering global temperatures.

At the time, many people blamed sunspots. Haze from the volcanic ash allowed for easier viewing of sunspots with the naked eye. People sought any explanation for the severe cold, and sunspots was as likely a candidate as any.

The ash created a red haze in the sky, particularly noticeable at sunrise and sunset. It shows up in paintings of the time. The coloring gave a hint of despair.

Many areas suffered from famine, leading to rioting and looting. Some regions didn’t experience food shortages, but prices skyrocketed everywhere because crops could be exported.

Food crises only lasted for a season, but the Year Without a Summer created some long term effects around the globe.

In China, widespread flooding caused the cholera bacteria to mutate into a more resilient strain. No one had immunity, and many died. This strain emerged in Asia, and by 1831, it had reached Western Europe. The following year, cases were found in America. Even today, it has not been completely eradicated.

In New England, the harsh conditions pushed westward expansion. Farmers searched for a more hospitable climate. More than ten thousand people moved out of Vermont alone. Who knows how long settlement of the United States would have taken if summer snow hadn’t prodded people to new territories?

Lack of feed for horses caused German inventor Karl Drais to design the velocipede, the precursor to modern bicycles. The human-powered device didn’t require animals or feed for them.

The dreary mood of the cold and red winter skies led to the creation of Frankenstein. Mary Shelley spent a Swiss holiday indoors with her friends, where they made up ghost stories while pondering the unrelenting cold and darkness. She drafted the Frankenstein story there.

Lastly, the Year Without a Summer increased the world’s supply of opium. In China, farmers needed more durable and profitable crops. They turned to poppies. This gave rise to the “Golden Triangle” of opium production.

The sky eventually cleared, and warm weather returned the following year, but the summer of 1816 left lasting impacts on the world.

So, remember, when you are slathering aloe on your sunburn, things could be worse. It could be a another year without a summer.

 

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”Mending Sarah’s Heart” in the Thimbles and Threads Collection

Four historical romances celebrating the arts of sewing and quilting.

Mending Sarah’s Heart by Suzanne Norquist

Rockledge, Colorado, 1884

Sarah seeks a quiet life as a seamstress. She doesn’t need anyone, especially her dead husband’s partner. If only the Emporium of Fashion would stop stealing her customers, and the local hoodlums would leave her sons alone. When she rejects her husband’s share of the mine, his partner Jack seeks to serve her through other means. But will his efforts only push her further away?

 

Suzanne Norquist is the author of two novellas, “A Song for Rose” in A Bouquet of Brides Collection and “Mending Sarah’s Heart” in the Thimbles and Threads Collection. Everything fascinates her. She has worked as a chemist, professor, financial analyst, and even earned a doctorate in economics. Research feeds her curiosity, and she shares the adventure with her readers. She lives in New Mexico with her mining engineer husband and has two grown children. When not writing, she explores the mountains, hikes, and attends kickboxing class.