Weird Inventions That Saved Lives: The Breeches Buoy

Blogger: Amber Lemus

Breeches Buoy in use 1919
Public Domain Photo

Today we are continuing our series on Weird Inventions That Saved Lives. If you look at this month's featured contraption, it looks downright silly. At first glance, you might think someone hung a giant pair of toddler pants beneath a life ring just for a laugh. But this odd-looking mechanism actually saved thousands of lives from watery graves during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This is a breeches buoy.

Imagine standing on a wooden sailing ship during a violent storm, trapped as the waves thrash your vessel against the shallow sandbars of the coastline. The sea is far too wild for a rescue surfboat to reach you, and swimming to shore would mean certain death.

To solve this heartbreaking dilemma, an English inventor named George William Manby brainstormed a solution in the early 1800s. He invented a mortar that could fire a rope directly over a shipwreck from the shore. Originally, shipwreck victims had to physically hold onto and slide down the rope, which was nearly impossible for those who were injured, terrified, or weak from hypothermia.

Eventually, the breeches buoy was designed to fix this problem. The apparatus consisted of a circular cork lifebuoy with a pair of sturdy canvas "breeches" (shorts) securely sewn into the middle. Thus, the name, breeches buoy. 

However, the system was not a simple one. Each man on the rescue crew had to know exactly what to do and how to do it properly. Timing was everything. So, the rescue teams, such as the U.S. Life-Saving Service had to drill with the apparatus every week. 

Once a line was fired to the ship using a line-throwing gun—frequently a 200-pound Lyle gun in America—the shipwrecked crew would haul the heavy rope out and secure it tightly to the ship's mast. Rescuers on the beach anchored the other end in the sand. The breeches buoy was then hooked onto the rope like a modern zip line.

One by one, a survivor would step into the canvas pants, sit back securely, and be pulled across the crashing waves to the safety of the shore. If the rope happened to dip or snap, the cork lifebuoy ensured the occupant would float rather than sink.

While it looks like a peculiar piece of laundry suspended in midair, the breeches buoy was an absolute miracle for coastal rescue groups like the U.S. Life-Saving Service. It safely brought thousands of souls to shore who otherwise would have been lost to the sea, remaining a primary rescue method until helicopters took over the job in the 1950s.

The Chicamacomico Life-Saving station and historical site still does this drill once a week during the summer. Click here to see a video of this drill.
https://youtu.be/RENMwYoI_Zw?si=N0oPzmgVSSugHAfq

Have you ever heard of a breeches buoy? How would you feel about stepping into a pair of canvas pants to zip-line over a raging ocean storm?

*****

Two-time winner of the Christian Indie Award for historical fiction, Amber (Schamel) Lemus inspires hearts through enthralling tales. She has a passion for travel, history, books, and her Savior. Visit her online at http://www.amberlemus.com/ to connect!

Looking for a July 4th read to celebrate America's 250th birthday? Check out Dawn of Liberty, an award-winning look into Sam Adam's participation in the signing of the Declaration of Independence. 

https://www.amazon.com/Dawn-Liberty-Short-Story-Collection/dp/0692698485

Weird Inventions That Saved Lives: The Iron Lung

Blogger: Amber (Schamel) Lemus

Continuing our series of Weird Inventions That Saved Lives, we come to a more well-known device: the Iron Lung. Most of us know what it is or have heard of a family member or friend who was treated with one in the 50s and 60s. I was just talking to someone the other day whose uncle was confined to an Iron Lung during the Polio pandemic. But while most of us are familiar with the device, we may be less familiar with the history behind its invention. 

Boy being treated in an iron lung.
Photo:National Museum of  Health and Medicine,
CC BY 2.0

This device was used mainly during the Polio pandemics of the 1920s-1960s. To us, the device looks like something that would be used to torture someone, but in reality, it was this peculiar device that saved the lives of thousands. 

The invention of the iron lung began in 1670 when an English inventor by the name of John Mayow came up with the idea of negative pressure. "Negative pressure" is what our bodies use to breathe naturally, basically the vacuum effect that your diaphragm and other muscles create to pull air into your lungs. The idea of a "negative pressure" ventilator is to have an external vacuum or diaphragm that creates that same effect. Mayow built a small model demonstrating his theory with a bellows and bladder to push and expel air. 

Building on this foundational idea of negative pressure, British physician John Dalziel built the first negative pressure ventilator in 1832. Several other prototypes followed and were used successfully in Europe and South Africa. 

The greatest need for the negative pressure ventilators came during the Polio pandemics. The terrible disease of Polio would damage the muscles and patients would no longer be able to breath, since the muscles operating their lungs would cease to function. Therefore, the idea was that a device was needed to help these patients breathe in the same way their muscles should. 

In 1928 Phillip Drinker and Louis Shaw of the United States developed a machine to do just that. It was first known as the "Drinker Respirator" but later became widely used and known as The Iron Lung. The first clinical use of the machine was at the Boston Children's Hospital on October 12, 1928. A twelve-year-old girl was plagued by respiratory failure from Polio and was on the brink of death. Her recovery, within minutes of being placed inside the machine, was almost miraculous and made the device widely popular. 

An image made popular by the movies
depicts a ward of iron lung machines.
Photo: public domain. 

As strange and terrifying as the device looks to us now, many patients described an overwhelming feeling of relief when placed inside the machine as their bodies received the air they needed to live. When faced with the terrifying reality of suffocation, the daunting machine was seen as salvation, not a reason for fear. 

However, the iron lung wasn't perfect. Even with its use, the death rate for those with respiratory paralysis who were treated with the machine was still somewhere between 80-90%. This was due to complications such as drowning in their own saliva (because their swallowing muscles were paralyzed too) or succumbing to organ failure due to acidosis caused by clogged airways. These issues are what led to the development of the modern ventilators, which instead use positive pressure to help the patient breathe. 

Even with its shortcomings, the Iron Lung saved untold thousands of children's lives. Some were treated only for a few weeks during recovery, others required the use of the Iron Lung every day for years. In fact, as of 2026 there is still one known patient who continues to use the Iron Lung in the United States. This individual has used the device for upwards of seventy years. 

Do you know anyone who was treated with the Iron Lung? I'd love to hear about it in the comments. 

*****

Two-time winner of the Christian Indie Award for historical fiction, Amber Lemus inspires hearts through enthralling tales She has a passion for travel, history, books and her Savior. This combination results in what her readers call "historical fiction at its finest".  

She lives at the foot of the Rocky Mountains with her prince charming and two boys. Between enjoying life as a boy mom, and spinning stories out of soap bubbles, Amber loves to connect with readers and hang out on Goodreads with other bookish peoples.

Amber is a proud member of the American Christian Fiction Writers Association. Visit her online at http://www.amberlemus.com/  and download a FREE story by subscribing to her Newsletter!

Weird Inventions That Saved Lives: The Morrison Shelter

Blogger: Amber Lemus

Hello friends!

Today we are starting a new series on Weird Inventions That Saved Lives. I post on the 2nd of each month, so be sure to check back for the next article in the series on May 2nd!

Take a look at this contraption. Upon first glance, it looks very strange to see a couple sleeping in what appears to be a cage. I did a double take the first time I saw this photo. But this odd invention actually saved thousands, maybe even hundreds of thousands of lives during WWII. This is a Morrison Air Raid Shelter. 

We are very familiar with the photos of WWII showing families entering cellars or bunkers or huddling in underground tunnels. But especially in Europe, not every family had a backyard with a cellar, or access to an underground tunnel. The British government noted that thousands of lives were being lost, not from the actual impact of the bombs, but from the surrounding destruction. Walls would cave in or blow out from the blast and then the entire roof would collapse on top of innocent civilians, killing many. So they did what any good government would do, they brainstormed ways to keep their population safe. 

The Morrison Shelter, also known as the Table Shelter, was designed by John Baker and named after Herbert Morrison who was the Minister of Home Security at the time. The device was designed with all functionality and practicality in mind. During the day, it could be used as a table, thus the nickname 'table shelter'. But during the night, or during air raids, it could be used as a shelter. The top was a 3mm steel plate and the frame was also steel with wire mesh. Even the bottom of the shelter was made with a metal lath "mattress" type of design. 

A couple demonstrates the use of the Morrison Shelter
Photo By Ministry of Information Photo Division Photographer
Imperial War Museums, Public Domain.

The government tested the shelters before they began distribution. In this photo, you can see how the shelters would function as protection during the air raids. This photo is from one of the said tests with dummies inside the shelter. 

Test of the Morrison Shelter with dummies inside.
Photo By Ministry of Information Photo Division Photographer
Imperial War Museums, Public Domain.

The next step was to distribute some of these shelters to see them working in real time. The British government provided these shelter kits free to low-income families and at a price to wealthy families. The shelter came in a box, and the families were required to assemble the shelter themselves. The kit provided three tools and three-hundred-fifty-nine parts which they would then bolt together inside the home. Half a million of these shelters were distributed by the end of 1941, and another round of one-hundred thousand by the end of 1943.

In one examination, the British government observed forty-four houses that had been damaged in an air raid. Inside those forty-four houses were one-hundred-thirty-six people. Three people were killed, thirteen seriously injured and another sixteen were slightly injured. The three that were killed were directly hit by the bomb. And of those thirteen who were seriously injured, some of those had not sited the shelter properly. The result was that the shelters did indeed save lives. Those 44 homes had suffered severe damage from the attack, and yet one-hundred-twenty of the one-hundred-thirty-six escaped without severe injury. 

While the Morrison Shelter may be a weird or strange-looking contraption, it was invaluable during WWII. 

Have you ever heard of the Morrison Shelter? How would you feel about sleeping inside a metal cage to keep your family safe?

*****

Two-time winner of the Christian Indie Award for historical fiction, Amber Lemus inspires hearts through enthralling tales She has a passion for travel, history, books and her Savior. This combination results in what her readers call "historical fiction at its finest".  

She lives at the foot of the Rocky Mountains with her prince charming and three children. Between enjoying life as a mom of three littles, and spinning stories out of soap bubbles, Amber loves to connect with readers and hang out on Goodreads with other bookish peoples.

Amber is a proud member of the American Christian Fiction Writers Association. Visit her online at http://www.amberlemus.com/  and download a FREE story by subscribing to her Newsletter!

History of the Times Square Ball

Blogger: Amber Lemus

7th Times Square Ball
Photo Credit: Jtalvy, CC0, CC

 The dropping of the ball in Times Square has become a New Years icon. This year will make new history for the Times Square Ball, because it will drop twice. The second time in honor of the 250th anniversary of the founding of the United States. 

Since we have new history being made with the ball drop, I thought it would be fun to explore the origins of the celebration that has become so well-known across the globe as a symbol of New York City and the USA.

The New Years celebration in Times Square had begun in 1904 as a way to celebrate and promote the newly finished headquarters of the New York Times newspaper building. The festivities were a hit, but after a few years of fireworks celebrations, the owner of the New York Times, Adolph Ochs, decided he wanted something bigger. It was the idea of the company's chief electrician to build a "time ball" after seeing one used elsewhere. In 1907, Ochs commissioned the Artkraft Strauss company to construct the ball. A young Russian immigrant by the name of Jacob Starr, built the ball out of iron and wood, then adorned it with one hundred 25-watt bulbs. The finished ball was five feet in diameter and weighed a whopping seven hundred pounds. It thrilled the spectators at the 1907-1908 New Years festivities in Times Square. 

Since then, the ball has been lowered every year, except for 1942 and 1943 due to WWII blackouts.

The Millennial Ball (2000)
Photo by: Hunter Kahn (Public Domain) 

In total, there have been nine versions of the ball:

• The original, built in 1907. 
  
  
• A version made entirely of wrought iron with replaced the original in 1920. 
  
  
• A lighter version made of aluminum replaced the four-hundred pound wrought iron ball in 1950. This version weighed only one-hundred-fifty pounds and remained until the 1980's.
   
• In the 80's, the "I Love New York" advertising campaign had launched, so a new ball with red lights and a green stem to look like an apple was installed and remained from 1981-1988.   
  
  
• After 1988, a more traditional ball with the white lights returned. 
  
  
• In 1995, technological updates were made to the ball to include an aluminum skin, rhinestones, strobes and computer controls. 
  
  
• The birth of a new century in 1999-2000 demanded a new ball. It was completely redesigned, this time a crystal ball with the very latest lighting technology combined with traditional materials. 
  
  
• 2007 brought the 100 year anniversary of the New York Times ball drop, so again, updates were made to the ball. The incandescent bulbs were replaced with LED, which gave the ball color capabilities and increased brightness. This one is known as the Centennial Ball. 
  
  
• The owners of One Times Square were inspired by the beauty of the Centennial Ball to create a permanent one that was visible year-round. This new, permanent version is known as the Big Ball and is made of crystal triangles and over thirty-two-thousand LEDs. It weighs nearly six tons.

The most recent Times Square Ball
Photo By Alex Lozupone - Own work, CC

However, on New Year's Eve, a NEW version of the ball will be revealed, celebrating the 250th birthday of the United States. If the celebration's reputation continues, it will be a spectacle to be seen. 

The notoriety of the ball drop has inspired many kinds of "drops" around the world. Sometimes balls, like in Times Square, and other times cultural objects such as the Bermuda onion. To read more about this, you can check out the Wikipedia page here. 

Have you ever been to the Ball Drop in NYC? I'd love to hear about it in the comments below. 

*******

Two-time winner of the Christian Indie Award, Amber Lemus writes enthralling non-fiction for children and adults alike. She has a passion for travel, history, books and her Savior, so her writing is centered around faith, family and history.

She lives at the foot of the Rocky Mountains with her prince charming and two boys. Between enjoying life as a boy mom, and spinning stories out of soap bubbles, Amber loves to connect with readers and hang out on Goodreads with other bookish peoples.

Amber is a proud member of the American Christian Fiction Writers Association. Visit her online at www.AmberLemus.com/ and download a FREE story by subscribing to her Newsletter!

Famous Instruments in History: The Organ of Johann Sebastian Bach

Blogger: Amber Lemus

Johann Sebastian Bach
Public Domain

Johann Sebastian Bach is a household name today. He is known as a masterful musician and a gifted composer. But during Bach's lifetime, he was better known as an organist. 

When compiling my list of the most famous instruments in history, I figured Bach's organ had to be on the list. However, I was surprised to find that while Bach owned many instruments, he didn't own an organ, the instrument he was most known for. 

Why didn't Bach own an organ?

That was my question as well. Turns out, in those days, they didn't have the small household organs we have today, they only had the massive, piped organs you see built into the walls of churches. These were not considered personal property but rather part of the architecture and infrastructure of the building, so the organ was owned by the institution, such as the church or royalty, rather than by the musician that was hired to play them. 

Then, what is considered the Bach organ?

Bach's entire professional career was built around the organ. From his very first appointment, he was playing the organ. So there are several instruments that are attributed to Bach.

The first resides at the Bach Church in Arnstadt. When Johann first came to work there, it was known as the New Church. The previous one had burned down, so a new one had been constructed on the same site. The organ was built by Johann Friedrich Wender, and inspected by eighteen-year-old Bach upon its completion. He was hired shortly afterwards to be the church organist. However, he only served here for a short time. After his term, his cousin took over, continuing the legacy of an organist by the name of Bach. While the organ has been altered and repaired over the centuries, it is the closest to the original that Bach played out of all the organs on record. The church was renamed after Bach in 1935 to honor Bach's connection to that church.

Current version of the Wender organ in the Bach Church, Arnstadt
Mtag, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons

Johann Sebastian Bach Church Anstadt
By Michael Sander - Self-photographed, CC BY-SA 3.0,

The second would be the organ at the court of Duke Wilhelm Ernst at Weimar. This is the organ Bach used to compose the majority of his organ compositions. It was considered his golden age as an organ composer. However this organ was later destroyed by fire, so it no longer exists. 

The third is the organ at St. Thomas Church in Leipzig Germany. This church is often referred to as "Bach's Church" although that is not its official name. Bach was the music director there from 1723 until his death in 1750. The building has been rebuilt or renovated many times and the organ from Bach's time is no longer present. However, they did build a replica of Bach's organ there in 2000. Bach's remains are now buried in the church, although they were not there originally. There is also a statue honoring Bach in front of the church. For these reasons, this is the church and organ most famous and commonly referred to as "Bach's". 

St. Thomas Church
By Dirk Goldhahn - Fotografiert von Dirk Goldhahn.,
Public Domain

Statue of Bach in front of St. Thomas Church
By Eric Pancer - I (Creative Commons)

Did Bach own any instruments?

While Bach didn't own an organ, he did own many other instruments. The inventory of his estate included five harpsichords, two Lautenwerckes otherwise known as lute harpsichords (which we will have to circle back to, because it is super interesting.), a spinet, three violins, three violas, two cellos, one lute, and several other instruments. These instruments were the ones he took with him and used at home to compose and also teach his students. 

Another fun fact is that Bach, in addition to being a masterful musician of many instruments, also had a wonderful voice. In fact, his scholarship to music school was because of his voice, not his instrument playing. 

Which of these organs do YOU think should be considered "The Bach Organ"? 

*****

Two-time winner of the Christian Indie Award, Amber Lemus inspires hearts through enthralling tales She has a passion for family, faith, facts and fiction. This combination results in what her readers call "historical fiction at its finest".  

She lives at the foot of the Rocky Mountains with her prince charming and two boys. Between enjoying life as a boy mom, and spinning stories out of soap bubbles, Amber loves to connect with readers.

Amber is a proud member of the American Christian Fiction Writers Association. Visit her online at http://www.amberlemus.com/  and download a FREE story by subscribing to her Newsletter!

Famous Instruments in History: Mozart's Fortepiano

Blogger: Amber Lemus

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Public Domain

Today, in our journey to explore the most famous instruments in history, we find a familiar name. The name of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is so well known that I doubt any of you have NEVER heard of him. But did you know that he had a pet instrument during the most successful phase of his life?

Mozart was a child prodigy when it came to music. By age five, he was already proficient on the piano and violin and even performed before European royalty. Mozart's father, Leopold, was a musician and a teacher who had written a violin textbook that became successful. However, when his young son started composing, and he began to see how talented he was, he just gave up composing his own music altogether. I couldn't help but laugh when I discovered that, as I have a five-year-old who is also talented... not to the level of Mozart, obviously, but I could relate to the feeling of giving up on your own talent and just investing in your child's. 

Although a musical genius, Mozart struggled financially for most of his life.  After he resigned from a low-paying commission at the Salzburg Court, he wandered for some time seeking employment but was largely disappointed. He became so financially desperate that he started to pawn off valuables. He was paid here and there for compositions but had nothing consistent. Finally, his father procured for him a commission as court organist and concertmaster with the Archbishop Colloredo. This appointment paid better, but Mozart was still dissatisfied with his life in Salzburg. 

His employer was very jealous of Mozart's talent and tried to prevent him from performing outside of his establishment. This created tension between Mozart and the Archbishop. 

In 1781, Mozart was summoned to Vienna, where his employer was attending celebrations and wanted his musical servant at his disposal. While there, Mozart was intent on introducing himself to the emperor, still believing that he was meant for more than just a pet composer to an archbishop. 

Eventually, he did make the acquaintance of the Emperor and impressed him. Soon, Mozart was presented with the opportunity to perform before the emperor for a fee that was equal to half his yearly salary with the archbishop. This resulted in a bitter quarrel between Mozart and his employer. He attempted to resign, but was refused. About a month later, permission to resign was finally granted, but in the most insulting way possible, with the archbishop's steward literally kicking him on the way out. 

Mozart's father had sided with his employer during the feud, which put their relationship in a difficult state as well. But Mozart was passionate about his desire to stay in Vienna and to continue as a freelance composer and performer. This was a bold move for Mozart at twenty-five years old, but it was one he would not regret. He began to make a name for himself in Vienna, and seemed much happier there. 

In 1782, Mozart purchased a fortepiano from Anton Walter. Anton was a skilled craftsman who was well-known for his instruments. He is known as the "the most famous Viennese piano maker of his time." Other composers such as Beethoven, Schubert and Haydn also purchased instruments from him. 

Mozart's Walter Fortepiano 
By Bapak Alex - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0

The Walter fortepiano quickly became Mozart's favorite instrument. It was upon this fortepiano that many of his most successful pieces would be composed and played. He often used this instrument when performing. His own father, Leopold, put it this way:

"It is impossible to describe the hustle and bustle. Your brother's pianoforte has been moved at least twelve times from his house to the theatre or to someone else's house."

It is said that the sound from this fortepiano awed and entranced his audience. They marveled at the beautiful sound. 

The two surviving sons of
Wolfgang Amadeus and Constanze Mozart,
Franz and Karl.
by Hans Hansen - Public Domain 

Mozart continued to use this fortepiano until his death in 1791, composing over 50 pieces with this instrument as his partner.


After his death, no one knows for sure where the instrument was housed until Mozart's wife gave the instrument to their oldest son, Karl in 1810. Karl would have been only seven years old when his father passed away and so treasured the piece. In 1856, Karl Mozart donated his father's precious fortepiano to the Cathedral Music Association and Mozarteum in honor of what would have been his father's 100th birthday.

Today, Mozart's fortepiano exhibits in the Mozart family home in Salzburg, where he was born. The home is now a museum, therefore a fitting place for his beloved instrument, even if their life together had been in Vienna.

*****

Two-time winner of the Christian Indie Award for historical fiction, Amber Lemus inspires hearts through enthralling tales She has a passion for travel, history, books and her Savior. This combination results in what her readers call "historical fiction at its finest".  

She lives near the Ozarks in her "casita" with her prince charming. Between enjoying life as a boy mom, and spinning stories out of soap bubbles, Amber loves to connect with readers and hang out on Goodreads with other bookish peoples.

Amber is a proud member of the American Christian Fiction Writers Association. Visit her online at http://www.amberlemus.com/  and download a FREE story by subscribing to her Newsletter! 

Famous Instruments in History: The "Arpicembalo" by Bartolomeo Cristofori

Blogger: Amber Lemus

Today in our series on famous instruments in history, we come to the "Arpicembalo" by Bartolomeo Cristofori, otherwise known as the first piano ever invented. 

Bartolomeo Cristofori
Public Domain

Bartolomeo Cristofori was born in Padua in the Republic of Venice on May 4, 1655. His early life is a mystery, although we do know that he was recorded as a member of the household of Nicola Amati in the1680 census, which has led some to believe that he was apprenticed under this famous Violin maker. 

Bartolomeo's story really begins in 1688 at the age of thirty-three. Prince Ferdenando de Medici was searching for a new technician to maintain his many instruments. His previous technician had recently died, and the prince was well-known as a lover and patron of music. How he came across Bartolomeo is quite unknown and not recorded in any history. However, he recruited Cristofori as his new technician, persuading him to take the job with a high salary. According to an interview for a journal at the time, which is one of the only insights we have into Cristofori's life, he really didn't want the job, but Prince Ferdenando de Medici was insistent on wanting no one else but him. Circumstantial evidence indicates that the Prince must have known him as not only a skilled musical technician, but also as a tinkerer and inventor. 

At any rate, Cristofori did accept the job and moved to Florence a month or two later to begin his work. While there, he maintained, transported instruments, kept them in tune, did restoration work on older harpsichords, and on top of all that, experimented with his own instruments. 

The first official record we have of what is known today as the Piano was from an inventory list of the Medici in 1700 which stated: 

An "Arpicembalo" by Bartolomeo Cristofori, of new invention that produces soft and loud, with two sets of strings at unison pitch, with soundboard of cypress without rose..."

Another document referring to this instrument had a note in the margins from the musicians of the Medici court:

 These are the ways in which it is possible to play the Arpicimbalo del piano e forte, invented by Master Bartolomeo Christofani [sic] of Padua in the year 1700, harpsichord maker to the Most Serene Grand Prince Ferdinand of Tuscany. (transl. Stewart Pollens)

It is from this longer reference to the instrument, the Arpicimbalo del piano e forte, that we took "piano forte" and later just "piano" for this instrument. Cristofori went on to make many pianos, selling some of them to high-profile patrons such as the king of Portugal.  Cristofori outlived Prince Ferdenando de Medici but continued working for the Medici court for some time afterward. He also apprenticed a young man by the name of Giovanni Ferrini, who went on to become a famous instrument maker himself, continuing his master's legacy. However, Cristofori and his apprentice must have had a bit of a falling out before his death, because rather than Ferrini assisting him in his sickness and end-of-life care, it was a group of sisters he referred to as the "Dal Mela sisters". He changed his will from bequeathing all his tools to Ferrini and instead left almost everything to the sisters and only a small sum for his apprentice. 

Cristofori died at the age of seventy-five on January 27, 1731, in Florence. 

We don't know how many instruments Cristofori crafted during his lifetime, but three of his pianos still survive today, including this one from the Metropolitan Museum in New York which was made in 1720.

The 1720 Cristofori piano in the Metropolitan Museum in New York
By Shriram Rajagopalan
 - Flickr: Met-32, CC BY 2.0, 

As a lover of piano music and an amateur player myself, I am grateful to Barolomeo Cristofori for his contribution to the world of music through the invention of this beautiful instrument.

*****

Two-time winner of the Christian Indie Award for historical fiction, Amber Lemus inspires hearts through enthralling tales She has a passion for travel, history, books and her Savior. This combination results in what her readers call "historical fiction at its finest".  

She lives near the Ozarks in her "casita" with her prince charming. Between enjoying life as a boy mom, and spinning stories out of soap bubbles, Amber loves to connect with readers and hang out on Goodreads with other bookish peoples.

Amber is a proud member of the American Christian Fiction Writers Association. Visit her online at http://www.amberlemus.com/ and download a FREE story by subscribing to her Newsletter!

Famous Instruments in History: Stradivarius Violins

Blogger: Amber Lemus

Continuing our series on famous instruments in history brings us to Italy in the 1700's where a legendary craftsman created instruments that would live in infamy for hundreds of years. 

A romanticized print of Antonio Stradivari examining an instrument

By Viktor Bobrov - Oberndorfer, Anne Faulkner (1921)

Public Domain

The Stradivarius family, specifically Antonio Stradivarius, was a luthier and craftsman who made stringed instruments such as violins, cellos, guitars, and even harps. Antonio was born, raised, lived and died in Cremona, which is present day Italy, and still holds a strong connection to this legendary luthier. The exact year of his birth is unknown, but sometime between 1644-1649. His family was well established in Cremona, although little is known about Antonio's birth and early childhood. The first record of him in Cremona is the label on his first known violin, made in 1666, which also indicated that Antonio may have apprenticed under Nicola Amati during his teenage years. Amati was a well-known and skilled luthier in Cremona, which would have made him a logical choice for Antonio's parents when choosing an apprenticeship for their son. However, other scholars and historians believe that Antonio's workmanship more closely resembled that of another luthier, Francesco Rugeri. 

Antonio married his first wife on July 4, 1667 around the age of twenty. His wife, Francesca, was a young widow with two children. Together they had five children, but sadly, one of them died at only a week old. After 30 years of marriage, Francesca passed away in 1698.  Antonio remarried about a year later to 35 year old Antiona Maria Zambelli, who would have been about twenty years his junior. They had five more children in quick succession between the years of 1700-1708. 

Antonio's reputation began to grow. He crafted violins and experimented with different techniques. But he was not the only luthier in Cremona, in fact, at least two other violin families lived just down the road from him. He continued to hone his craft and began to pick up some high-profile clients. A Venician banker ordered a complete set of instruments from him, which were intended to be gifted to King James II of England, however it is unknown if this gift ever made it to the king. 

Maker's Label from a Stradivarius Violin
Public Domain

Around 1690, something caused Antonio to change his technique and depart from his previous style. First, he began to make a larger pattern which became known as "long Strads." Second, he changed the varnish he was using to a darker toned one. By 1700, he abandoned the long Strad style for a shorter model, which he used until his death. This was about the time he entered what is known as his Golden Period of instrument crafting. 

Stradivarius is said to have produced around 1,116 instruments during his 75-year career. Of those, around 650 survive until today and are highly prized and legendary. It is said that the Stradivarius, particularly the violins, have unmatched sound and almost feel alive to the musician. They have become somewhat relics among the devout musician community, touted to be the finest ever made. 

Fun fact, Sherlock Holmes possessed a Stradivarius Violin in the original works by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. 

Instruments made by Stradivarius during his Golden Period of 1700-1725 are the ones that fetch the highest price and sell for millions of dollars today. Just a few months ago, one sold on Sotheby's auction for $11.2 million dollars, but some have sold for even more than that. 

These instruments are so prized that they are subject to theft. There are many Stradivarius violins that have been stolen, but most of them are recovered, since reselling something so well-known is very difficult. However, there are at least 3 Stradivarius violins that have been stolen and are still unaccounted for.

If you are curious to hear what these violins sound like, below is a video that was produced for a Stradivarius violin recently sold at auction. It includes the breathtaking sound, as well as explanations from musicians on how the violin feels to them and why they prize it so highly.

   

*****

Two-time winner of the Christian Indie Award, Amber Lemus writes enthralling non-fiction for children and adults alike. She has a passion for travel, history, books and her Savior, so her writing is centered around faith, family and history.

She lives near the Ozarks in her "casita" with her prince charming. Between enjoying life as a new mom, and spinning stories out of soap bubbles, Amber loves to connect with readers and hang out on Goodreads with other bookish peoples.

Amber is a proud member of the American Christian Fiction Writers Association. Visit her online at www.AmberLemus.com/ and download a FREE story by subscribing to her Newsletter!

Famous Instruments in History: Egyptian Harp from the Tomb of Ani

Blogger: Amber Lemus

Continuing our journey through history to find the most famous musical instruments, we come to ancient Egypt somewhere between 1,069-1,550 B.C. During the 18th Dynasty (or 19th by some sources), there lived a Theban Scribe by the name of Ani. He must have been a very rich and influential character, because his tomb is one of the most consequential finds from Ancient Egypt.

During archeological excavations of the city of Thebes, Egypt, they found the tomb of Ani with several legendary artifacts. Not much is known about the actual excavations, and many of the artifacts ended up being sold on illegal antiquities markets.

The most well-known artifact from Ani's tomb, is the Papyrus that was discovered there. It is considered the most complete "Book of Going Forth by Day" or the better-known title, "Book of the Dead" ever discovered. It contains the depiction that all of us imagine when we think of Egyptian art with Anubis weighing the heart of Ani. It is believed that Ani created this papyrus himself.

Papyrus of Ani
Public Domain

The artifact we are interested in today is lesser known. It is a harp made of wood, inlaid with glazed ceramic and bone. It had a length of just over 3 feet, and a width of about 5 inches. This harp had only five strings, and the sound box was shaped as the head of a deity or ruler with a striped headdress and double crown. On the other end of the harp, it features a falcon head. Which was fairly common for this type of instrument. The upper neck of the harp had tuning pegs for the five strings.

The harp was the most important instrument in Ancient Egypt. It was often featured during banquets by male soloists, according to the depictions we find in tombs. Harps during this era usually had nine to twelve strings, making Ani's harp unique. Some harps in this era could be even taller than this one, reaching sometimes to the full height of the person playing it.

Harp of Ani's Tomb on display at the British Museum

Creative Commons: Dreamyshade

It is unclear if this harp was buried with Ani as an item of wealth or possessions, to ensure his comfort in the afterlife, or if it was a prized personal possession. If it were the latter, it would indicate that he probably played the instrument and enjoyed it immensely.

In 1976, this harp appeared in the third volume on musical instruments in the British Museum’s catalog of Egyptian Antiquities, written by the Egyptologist Robert David Anderson.

This beautiful harp currently resides at the British Museum in London.

*****

Two-time winner of the Christian Indie Award, Amber Lemus writes enthralling non-fiction for children and adults alike. She has a passion for travel, history, books and her Savior, so her writing is centered around faith, family and history.

She lives near the Ozarks in her "casita" with her prince charming. Between enjoying life as a new mom, and spinning stories out of soap bubbles, Amber loves to connect with readers and hang out on Goodreads with other bookish peoples.

Amber is a proud member of the American Christian Fiction Writers Association. Visit her online at www.AmberLemus.com/ and download a FREE story by subscribing to her Newsletter!

Famous Musical Instruments: The Lyres of Ur

Blogger: Amber Lemus

Continuing with our series of famous musical instruments in history, today we travel to ancient Mesopotamia, or modern-day Iraq. 

In 1929, a team of archeologists from the British Museum and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology teamed up to excavate the site of the Royal Cemetery at the site of ancient Ur. Under the leadership of head archaeologist Leonard Woolley, they made some astounding discoveries, which included the remains of ten women, and among them, fragments of four lyres. Well, technically three lyres and one harp. (In case we have any harp aficionados reading here.)

Leonard Woolley holding the hardened plaster mold
of the Queen's Lyre during excavations in 1922
Public Domain

The archeologists carefully excavated the fragments and then reconstructed and restored them to their former glory. Historians have dated the instruments to the Early Dynastic III Period of Mesopotamia, which makes them over 4,500 years old and the world's oldest surviving stringed instruments. 

Records indicated that one of the woman's remains seemed to have been placed leaning against the lyre, with her hand where the strings would have been. The lyres were made of wood, which had long since deteriorated, however since they were decorated with non-perishable adornments, such as silver and gold, the archaeologists were able to poor plaster into the mold where the wood had previously been and recreate the form.  

The four harps were similar, but distinct. 

The Golden Lyre

The Golden Lyre of Ur
Photo By Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg)
Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,

This is the finest of the lyres discovered. It's wooden form was reconstructed but then damaged during the Second Iraq War. A replica of it now belongs to the Iraq Museum in Bagdad and is part of a traveling ensemble. It is also known as the "Bull Harp" because it features a bull head made entirely out of gold. The eyes of the bull were made out of inlaid nacre, and the beard of the animal from lapis lazuli, which is a deep blue semi-precious stone. 

The Queen's Lyre

The Queen's Lyre
Photo By Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin
 FRCP(Glasg) - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,

The Queen's Lyre is similar in appearance to the Golden Lyre, however it is named such because it was excavated from the tomb of Queen Pu-abi. It is also designed to imitate the body of a bull and has a bull head. However, only the mask of the bull was made of gold and the eyes, hair and beard are all made of the lapis lazuli. There are some minor differences in the appearance of the two bull heads as well. The Queen's Lyre is held at the British Museum in London. 

The Bull-Headed Lyre

Bull Headed Lyre of Ur
Photo By Binxedits - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0

Again, we see a theme here. This lyre also features a bull head. It's head, face and horns were all wrapped in gold foil, while its beard, hair and eyes were made of lapis lazuli. What is most interesting about this one, is that below the bull's head is a panel that depicts four scenes of what appears to be their religious lore. To me, it is very reminiscent of Egyptian Mythology. This lyre is housed in Philidelphia Pennsylvania at the Penn Museum. 

The Silver Lyre

The Silver Lyre of Ur
Photo By Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin
FRCP(Glasg) - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0

This one is different, because it is overlaid with silver rather than gold. However it still features the bull head as the others do. It was made of wood but covered in sheets of silver that were fastened with silver nails. The eyes were made of lapis lazuli also. Another notable difference is that this bull does not have a beard, and because of this, some speculate that it is actually a cow rather than a bull. This harp was found in the section of the cemetery that was known as the "Great Death Pitt." It is held by the British Museum in London. 

Depiction of a Lyre Player from the excavations of Ur
Photo Courtesy of the British Museum Collection,
CC BY-SA 4.0

Besides the fact that these are the oldest surviving stringed instruments in history, I also found these interesting because they come from the ancient city of Ur. As Christians, we will recognize that city from the Bible when God called Abraham out of the city of Ur and beckoned him to leave his family and all that he knew to pursue a personal relationship with God. 

Which lyre is your favorite? 

*****

Two-time winner of the Christian Indie Award for historical fiction, Amber Lemus inspires hearts through enthralling tales She has a passion for travel, history, books and her Savior. This combination results in what her readers call "historical fiction at its finest".  

She lives near the Ozarks in her "casita" with her prince charming. Between enjoying life as a boy mom, and spinning stories out of soap bubbles, Amber loves to connect with readers and hang out on Goodreads with other bookish peoples.

Amber is a proud member of the American Christian Fiction Writers Association. Visit her online at http://www.amberlemus.com/  and download a FREE story by subscribing to her Newsletter!